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6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONSSEARCH
THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Occur”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
occurEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Originally "meet (in argument)", borrowed from Middle French occurrer, from Latin occurrō (“run to meet, run against, befall, present itself”) from prefix ob- (“against”) + verb currō (“run, hurry, move”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →017
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
Middle Irish noundossier summary
cais
eDIL separates two Irish headwords written cais. The first, also recorded as caise, is explicitly explained both as love and as hate; its cited passages and glossary equations range from searc and grádh "love" to miscais and mioscais "hatred", with context deciding individual readings. One Éigse line is tentatively translated so that the same visible form occurs on both sides: "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark matters. The second eDIL headword cais means "eye" and is excluded from this semantic lineage. These records establish a remarkable lexicographic opposition, not one timeless essence, a chronology from love to hate, or proof that every occurrence belongs to one historically indivisible sense. John T. Koch compares the noun with Proto-Celtic *katsi- < *kad-t/si- and a wider *kad- family, but that ancestry and its proposed Germanic comparison remain open. eDIL itself generally supplies etymologies only selectively. No manuscript pixels were directly inspected, no earliest-use or historical-frequency claim is made, and no exact pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Dutch masculine nouncontrarian claim
fīunt
Old Dutch fīunt is the normalized headword behind a twenty-six-occurrence historical-dictionary record for enemy or opponent. ONW classifies the noun as synchronically unsegmented but says it was originally the present participle of the verb corresponding to Old High German fīēn and Gothic fijan, a verb no longer known in Dutch. Its frequency table preserves six case-number cells: nominative and genitive singular plus nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative plural. Those are not a complete paradigm. The article displays twenty representative location blocks after warning that locations in the semantic profile have been reduced. Most early Wachtendonck Psalms material is linguistically dated 901–1000 but survives in copies dated 1595–1605, circa 1598, or 1701–1800; no tenth-century manuscript object was inspected. One dfiunt or fiunt gloss aligned with Latin diabolus is textually disputed, and one Groningen psalm gloss is explicitly assigned to Old Frisian by the dictionary. This dossier therefore treats fīunt as a nominal fossil with a partially preserved inflectional record, not as a productive Old Dutch participle or a complete transparent paradigm.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Frisian weak verbdossier summary
hatia
Old Frisian hatia is a weak verb whose lexicographic field extends beyond an inward feeling. Hofmann and Popkema give hate or reject, damage, and a feud-language expression for harming or pursuing someone as an enemy. A May 2026 Corpus Oudfries search for word or lemma hatia returns six records in 235,462 tokens, but those are not six instances of this verb. Buma's critical note on Brokmer B 101 explicitly identifies its written hatia as atia "rear" with prothetic h, and Nijdam translates the passage as a poor mother being unable to feed her children. That token is excluded from the hate lineage. The five relevant corpus records occur in legal, road, family, and theological contexts: forms hatijen, hatie, hata, and hatien can concern harming or hindering on a road, a writing or event going against someone, or God hating perjury, lying speech, and false witnesses. The current corpus count is a bounded research surface, not a frequency estimate for medieval speech or a claim about every surviving witness. The underlying manuscripts were not directly inspected for this dossier, no earliest-use claim is made, and no exact historical pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic class-I weak-verb lemmacontrarian claim
hatjan
A Gothic weak verb meaning hate, represented by exactly one verified corpus token: the present participle hatjandam in Matthew 5:44. Project Wulfila lemmatizes that token as class-I hatjan, while the parallel Luke 6:27 command uses class-III hatandans from hatan. Braune treats the two shapes as conjugational fluctuation; Orel and the current corpus keep distinct formations visible. The normalized infinitive, the written participle, and the reconstructed parent are therefore never collapsed.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old High German weak-verb citation formdossier summary
hazzōn
An Old High German citation form in the inherited Germanic hate-verb family, printed beside hazzēn and spelling variants hazēn, hazōn, haʒʒēn, and haʒʒōn. Starling’s source record dates hazzēn to the eighth century and hazzōn to the ninth; Duden and Grimm’s DWB group the ēn and ōn forms in the history of German hassen. Corpus-wide research independently shows that some Old High German class-III ēn verbs also occur with class-II ōn forms, but the accessible abstract does not establish that hazzōn is one of its twenty repeatedly attested double forms. DWB reports haʒôn aligned with Latin aemulari and the forms hatamas and hatent with insequamur and insequuntur. Those reports support an action range involving following or hostile pursuit; they are not directly inspected manuscript tokens. Pokorny’s account, as transmitted by Starling, explicitly warns that the Germanic evidence does not prove “pursue” was the root’s basic meaning. The route therefore distinguishes the normalized headword, the combined historical variants, the reconstructed Germanic weak verb and noun family, the qualified Indo-European comparison, and the point where knowledge ends.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
verb
A grammatical word class expressing action, occurrence, or state; English borrowed the label through Anglo-French from Latin verbum.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
wīb
An Old High German word occurring in woman and wife expressions; it continues into Middle High German wīp and modern German Weib, whose usage has changed sharply.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗021
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
0314
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedposition text
Are the opposite readings one polysemous word, merged historical homonyms, or a lexicographic convenience?
eDIL groups them in one headword but does not, by that editorial act alone, settle the full historical relationship among every love and hate occurrence.
openproposedposition text
Was the formation a causative “make hate” or an action verb “make pursue”?
Both descriptions occur, and their priority is not settled here. Duden analyzes a causative to hassen; Orel derives *xatjanan from the hate noun; Bailey and the medieval record foreground chase or persecution.
openprobableposition text
What is the earliest secure English humiliation witness?
Merriam-Webster publishes the Middle English form humiliacioun, and Harvard’s Chaucer corpus indexes one occurrence. This review did not inspect an underlying manuscript, prove an exact composition year, or establish that no earlier English occurrence survives.
openprobableposition text
What is the earliest secure English humility witness?
Merriam-Webster reports the fourteenth century broadly. The Middle English Dictionary supplies a circa-1390 Chaucer citation with humylitee, but this review did not inspect its underlying manuscript witness, and the located citation does not prove that no earlier English occurrence survives.
openproposedposition text
Are Celtic cais or cás unquestionably cognate with κῆδος?
No. They occur in a published wider comparison, but semantic breadth and branch membership remain debated.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did Gothic fijands mean devil or evil spirit?
The reviewed Gothic noun inventory centers on enemy and regularly translates Greek echthros. Old English feónd developed or preserved devil senses, but that collateral history cannot be projected backward onto every Gothic occurrence.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are the 222 ONP citations a complete Old Norse corpus?
No completeness claim is made. They are the public entry’s current citation set, valuable evidence rather than the set of every surviving occurrence.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was frændi historically a loving-agent formation?
Yes at the comparative word-formation level. OED places the Old Icelandic form in the inherited participial cognate set, while Cleasby–Vigfússon and Fritzner derive it as a participle of frjá.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are the ten Bosworth–Toller examples the complete fēogan corpus?
No. They are the examples exposed by this dictionary entry, not a count of every surviving token, manuscript, lost text, or spoken use.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Could fîant uuesan actually mean hate or wish someone ill?
Yes. AWB glosses the fixed formula as be hostile, hate someone, or wish someone ill and supplies multiple located examples.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was Old Dutch fīunt a noun?
Yes. ONW classifies it as a masculine noun, calls all twenty-six occurrences appellative, and supplies a nominal inflection table.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does frequency twenty-six mean twenty-six surviving manuscripts?
No. It is an occurrence frequency inside the dictionary corpus. The semantic profile currently displays twenty representative location blocks and explicitly warns that locations have been reduced.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 2
RANK 16GRADE Aranked reveal
Humiliation is evidenced in English before humiliate.
Chaucer’s Middle English humiliacioun occurs in a humility passage; Merriam-Webster reports the English verb humiliate only circa 1534. Christian Latin and French preserve lowering, abasement, mortification, and self-humbling before current definitions center degradation, disgrace, and shame.
RANK 47GRADE Aranked reveal
The Old Dutch enemy noun outlived the hate verb that created it.
ONW counts twenty-six fīunt occurrences across six attested case-number cells, yet classifies the noun as synchronically unsegmented and says the corresponding hate verb is no longer known in Dutch. Comparative evidence reconstructs the noun as an old present-participial formation: the hating one. The grammar therefore preserves a fossil in nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative records after Dutch lost the living verb that once made the formation transparent. Six cells are evidence, not a complete paradigm; the early Psalms records survive in later copies; and the lone Devil gloss is disputed.
044
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
research database9 CLAIM LINKS
Lemma hatan — Gothic dictionary and occurrence inventory
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database6 CLAIM LINKS
Lemma hatis — Gothic dictionary and fifteen-token occurrence inventory
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database6 CLAIM LINKS
Lemma hatizon — class-II Gothic verb and one-occurrence inventory
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database6 CLAIM LINKS
Lemma hatjan — Gothic dictionary and occurrence inventory
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗058
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Herodotus occurrence reported by the Liddell–Scott entry
μῦς / μυς / c. 430 BCE
μῦς — Liddell and Scott Ancient Greek Dictionaryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Saxon Confession genitive occurrence
heti / heti / Saxon Confession, tenth century
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — haz, Old Saxon hetias in the Saxon Confessionreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Old English reader occurrence reported by Bosworth–Toller
hete / hete / Old English prose record
HETE — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Onlinereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Beowulf occurrence reported by Bosworth–Toller
hete / hete / Old English poetic record
HETE — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Onlinereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
John 7:7 occurrence reported by Bosworth–Toller
hatian / hatian / Old English West Saxon Gospel record
HATIAN — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary Hreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Pastoral Care occurrence reported by Bosworth–Toller
hatian / hatian / Old English Pastoral Care record
HATIAN — An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Dictionary Hreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Iwein occurrence in BMZ
haʒʒen / hassen / Middle High German literary record, source-reported
Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch — haʒʒe, swv.reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old Saxon Genesis dative occurrence
heti / heti / Old Saxon Genesis witness; object date not normalized here
Altsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiandreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.