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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Locus”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
locusEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *stel-der.? Proto-Italic *s(t)lokos Old Latin stlocus Latin locuslbor. English locus Learned borrowing from Latin locus. Doublet of lieu.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →012
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
Old Saxon class-II weak verbdossier summary
hatōn
The normalized Old Saxon weak-verb lemma hatōn is supported by a four-locus dictionary inventory: Heliand 1451 writes infinitive hatan in manuscript M and haton in manuscript C; Heliand 4915 writes genitive-plural present-participial hatandiero in M and hettendero in C; manuscript C supplies preterite hatoda at Heliand 5423; and GlG supplies infinitive haton aligned with Latin odisse. Those are six witness readings at four cited loci, not six independent lexemes or four manuscripts. The first Munich infinitive and the Munich hatandiero locus were directly inspected. The category problem is deeper than spelling: Köbler also indexes the Heliand 4915 forms under the separate agent noun hėttiand, enemy. The record therefore exposes the exact point where a live participial form and a lexicalized enemy noun overlap. It does not prove that pursue was the root meaning, that every enemy hates, or that every indexed form belongs unambiguously to one synchronic category.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon masculine i-stem nouncontrarian claim
heti
Old Saxon heti is an attested noun, not a reconstructed Proto-Germanic form. Köbler prints the normalized citation form hėti* with a trailing asterisk, then gives three cited lexical loci whose inflections produce five witness readings: accusative singular heti at Heliand 1322 in manuscripts M, C, and V; dative singular heti at Genesis 60; and genitive singular hetias in the tenth-century Saxon Confession. No nominative singular appears in that inventory, but the exact surface heti is visibly written in Munich Cgm 25. The directly inspected Heliand line places the noun in the Beatitudes, where righteous people endure rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi, powerful men's hostility or persecution and hostile speech. The Saxon Confession instead places hetias beside malice, envy, and slander among confessed wrongs. Those contexts establish a range broader than one private feeling without proving that persecution was the prehistoric root meaning. Fulk and Köbler analyze the Old Saxon comparison as an i-stem; Pfeifer describes the wider Germanic noun as an old es/os-stem, so the inherited morphological account remains public rather than falsely harmonized.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗020
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
No reviewed record in this collection contains “locus.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
038
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 7
openprobableposition text
Did Old Saxon hatōn mean pursue as well as hate?
Köbler lexicographically gives both hassen and verfolgen, so the action range belongs in the record. The four-locus inventory does not by itself assign both readings to every token or establish their chronology.
openestablishedposition text
Was persecution the securely recovered original meaning?
No. The Heliand context supports persecution or endured hostility at one branch locus, but a daughter-language context cannot by itself establish semantic priority in Proto-Germanic or Proto-Indo-European.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is hatan the normalized Old Saxon headword?
No. It is the exact manuscript-M infinitive at Heliand 1451. Köbler normalizes the lexeme as hatōn and reports manuscript C haton at the same locus.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does haton aligned with Latin odisse define the entire verb?
No. It is one bilingual gloss locus. The Heliand supplies distinct syntactic contexts, and a translation equivalent does not recover every sense, construction, or historical stage.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does Köbler's count three mean three manuscripts?
No. It denotes three lexical loci: Heliand 1322, Genesis 60, and the Saxon Confession. The Heliand locus alone has M, C, and V readings, producing five reported witness readings overall.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do manuscripts M, C, and V represent three separate Heliand occurrences?
No. Köbler assigns all three readings to the same Heliand 1322 locus. They are separate witnesses to one textual occurrence, not three line-level uses.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are hotie and huotia two separate Heliand uses?
No. They are manuscript M and C readings at the same Heliand 5183 locus. The same distinction applies to hotean and huotian at 5246.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 1
RANK 48GRADE Acontrarian claim
Old Saxon hate crosses from verb into enemy noun inside one manuscript locus.
Köbler assigns hatōn four cited loci, but the evidence is not four neat tokens. Heliand 1451 alone varies between Munich hatan and Cotton haton. At Heliand 4915, Munich hatandiero and Cotton hettendero are indexed twice: under the verb as present-participial forms and under hėttiand as the lexicalized agent noun enemy. The Munich hatan and hatandiero pixels are directly inspected. The reveal is therefore grammatical, not mystical: one written formation sits at the boundary between haters and enemies. It does not prove that every enemy hates, that pursue was the first meaning, or that the four-locus dictionary count represents four manuscripts.
045
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
digitized primary source9 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 41, folio 20r, heti locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source8 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 45, folio 22r, hatan locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source4 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 142, hatandiero locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source4 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 150, hotie locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digitized primary source4 CLAIM LINKS
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 152, hotean locus
Bayerische Staatsbibliothek · Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum / 875
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗056
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Heliand manuscript M, enemy command
hatan / hatōn / Heliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth century
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 45, folio 22r, hatan locusreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Heliand manuscript M, arrest scene
hatan / hatōn / Heliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth century
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 142, hatandiero locusreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Heliand manuscript M, Beatitudes persecution clause
heti / heti / Heliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth century
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 41, folio 20r, heti locusreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Heliand manuscript M, Pilate question
hōti / hōti / Heliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth century
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 150, hotie locusreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDmanuscript
Heliand manuscript M, accusation before Pilate
hōti / hōti / Heliand composition circa 830–840; Munich manuscript second half of the ninth century
Heliand — BSB Cgm 25, scan 152, hotean locusreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Heliand manuscript C, preterite locus
hatan / hatōn / Heliand composition circa 830–840; Cotton witness mid or second half of the tenth century
Altsächsisches Wörterbuch — hatōn and hėttiandreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
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