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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Iris”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
IrisEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From Ancient Greek Ἶρις (Îris, “rainbow”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗irisEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From Middle English iris, from Latin īris, from Ancient Greek ἶρις (îris, “rainbow”). Presuming an earlier form *ϝῖρις (*wîris), possibly from a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *w(e)ih₁-ro- (“a twist, thread, cord, wire”), from *weh₁y- (“to turn, twist, weave, plait”). If so, it would be cognate to English wire.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →012
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
Middle Irish nouncontrarian claim
cais
eDIL separates two Irish headwords written cais. The first, also recorded as caise, is explicitly explained both as love and as hate; its cited passages and glossary equations range from searc and grádh "love" to miscais and mioscais "hatred", with context deciding individual readings. One Éigse line is tentatively translated so that the same visible form occurs on both sides: "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark matters. The second eDIL headword cais means "eye" and is excluded from this semantic lineage. These records establish a remarkable lexicographic opposition, not one timeless essence, a chronology from love to hate, or proof that every occurrence belongs to one historically indivisible sense. John T. Koch compares the noun with Proto-Celtic *katsi- < *kad-t/si- and a wider *kad- family, but that ancestry and its proposed Germanic comparison remain open. eDIL itself generally supplies etymologies only selectively. No manuscript pixels were directly inspected, no earliest-use or historical-frequency claim is made, and no exact pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
rí
The Old Irish word for a king, with genitive ríg, inherited from Proto-Celtic *rīx-s in the Indo-European king branch.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗023
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Celtic / Indo-European
*katsi-
a proposed Celtic formation compared with Middle Irish cais and Old Welsh cas
- DATE
- proposed Proto-Celtic
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle Irish / Indo-European
cais
love; hate, with readings dependent on context
- DATE
- Middle Irish and later Irish dictionary citations
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old Irish / Indo-European
rí
king; chief or foremost person
- DATE
- Old Irish, 8th–10th centuries
- MATCH
- language
- DOSSIERS
- 1
038
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 6
openproposedposition text
Do Celtic cais and Greek κῆδος prove that love and hate share one root?
No. They belong to a disputed wider comparison. Middle Irish cais carries a striking love-and-hatred field, but that does not make German Liebe an ancestor or cognate of Hass.
openproposedposition text
Do Celtic cais and cas make the deep Indo-European route secure?
Not by themselves. Koch publishes Proto-Celtic *katsi- and a wider *kad- comparison, but Middle Irish cais itself carries both love and hatred, and Liberman challenges whether several non-Germanic comparisons form one transparent family.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Were English love and hate once the same word?
No reviewed evidence connects English love directly to English hate. Middle Irish cais has an ambivalent love-and-hatred field inside a disputed comparison, but that is not a genealogical edge between the English words.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was Old Irish rí borrowed from Latin rēx?
No. The comparative evidence derives Old Irish rí and Latin rēx as cognates in separate Celtic and Italic branches.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did Old Irish rí directly become English rich?
No. They are related through different Celtic formations: rí continues *rīx-s, while rich travels through the derivative *rīg-yo- borrowed into Germanic.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did Latin rēx produce Old Irish rí or Gaulish -rīx?
No. The reviewed comparative sources treat the Latin and Celtic forms as inherited cognates in separate Italic and Celtic branches; Celtic raises inherited *ē to *ī.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 2
RANK 110GRADE Acontrarian claim
Irish rí and Latin rēx are cousins, not copies.
Old Irish rí and genitive ríg descend from Proto-Celtic *rīx-s and *rīg-os, while Latin rēx follows the parallel Italic branch.
RANK 137GRADE A-contrarian claim
Middle Irish cais could mean love or hate—and a separate cais meant eye.
eDIL's first numbered cais headword is explicitly explained as both love and hate. Its glossary evidence equates the form with serc and grádh on the love side and miscais or mioscais on the hatred side; cited passages likewise cross the divide. Most strikingly, one Éigse line is tentatively translated "my love ... is met by hatred(?)", placing the same visible form on both sides while preserving the editor's question mark. Then eDIL's second numbered cais headword breaks the spell entirely: it means eye. The unveiling is not that love and hate were secretly identical. It is that written identity, lexicographic grouping, contextual meaning, and historical ancestry are four different claims.
045
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary33 CLAIM LINKS
eDIL — 1 cais, noun explained as both love and hate
Royal Irish Academy · eDIL editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference7 CLAIM LINKS
Old Irish Online: Introduction
Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel and University of Texas Linguistics Research Center Editors
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗lexicographic method6 CLAIM LINKS
eDIL — About the dictionary, revision, headwords, and citations
Royal Irish Academy · eDIL editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary3 CLAIM LINKS
eDIL — 2 cais, eye homograph
Royal Irish Academy · eDIL editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary1 CLAIM LINKS
Rí — Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, and Dagmar Wodtko / 2019
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗052
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Liuis firist, gathering one's friend
frẹ̄nd / friend / circa 1275, source-reported
Middle English Dictionary — frẹ̄nd, n.reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
eDIL lexical record for rí
rí / rí / Old and Middle Irish corpus record
Rí — Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Languagereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.