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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Fun”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
funEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From Middle English fonne, fon (“foolish, simple, silly”) or fonnen (“make a fool of”), from Middle English fonne (“a fool, dupe”), probably of North Germanic origin, related to Swedish fånig (“foolish”), Swedish fåne (“a fool”), from Old Norse fáni (“vain person, swaggerer”), but of unknown ultimate origin. Perhaps related to or influenced by fjäll (“rock, cliff, mountain”). Compare also English fumble, Norwegian Nynorsk fomme (“clumsy fool”). Compare also Norwegian fomme, fume (“a fool”). More at fon, fond. As a noun, fun is recorded from 1700, with a meaning “a cheat, trick, hoax”, from a verb fun meaning “to cheat, trick” (1680s). The meaning “diversion, amusement” dates to the 1720s. The older meaning is preserved in the phrase to make fun of (1737) and in usage of the adjective funny. The use of fun as adjective is newest and is due to reanalysis of the noun; this was incipient in the mid-19th century. Alternative etymology connected Middle English fonne with Old Frisian fonna, fone, fomne, variant forms of fāmne, fēmne (“young woman, virgin”), from Proto-West Germanic *faimnijā, from Proto-Germanic *faimnijǭ (“maiden”), from Proto-Indo-European *peymen- (“girl”), *poymen- (“breast milk”). If so, then cognate with Old English fǣmne (“maid, virgin, damsel, bride”), West Frisian famke (“girl”), Saterland Frisian fone, fon (“woman, maid, servant," also "weakling, simpleton”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
bi-/be-
by, near; prefix with several later functions
- DATE
- Old English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
κῆδος
kêdoscare, concern, anxiety, grief, trouble, mourning, funeral rites, object of care, or connection by marriage
- DATE
- Homeric and later Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 9
Can the nd-ending alone distinguish enemy from one who hates?
No. Galatians 4:16 nominative fijands functions as the noun enemy, Romans 11:28 accusative fijandans is analyzed as a participle, and Romans 12:9 fiandans takes an accusative object. Twenty-one other corpus tokens remain explicitly lexically and morphosyntactically ambiguous.
Did Old Norse shape the Middle English forms?
Old Norse gestr may have reinforced the Middle English initial g, but the English word is fundamentally inherited from Old English and Germanic.
Did direct originally mean only immediate or unmediated?
No. The recorded history foregrounds straightening, guiding, pointing, and directing; immediacy is one later semantic branch.
Did every English function arrive through one identical medieval route?
No. Merriam-Webster routes the verb and adverb through Anglo-French directer while giving the adjective from Latin directus.
Does -red historically make hate more intense?
No evidence reviewed identifies -red as an intensifier. It named a state or condition. Modern hatred can denote extreme animosity, but that lexical intensity is not the historical function of the suffix.
Does Heliand 1322 use heti only for a private feeling?
No. Köbler gives Latin persecutio for the Heliand use, and the visible clause says righteous people endure powerful men's heti and harmquidi. The noun functions in an external hostility or persecution setting.
Does κῆδος have one simple English definition?
No. LSJ separates care or concern, anxiety and grief, troubles, funeral rites and mourning, an object of care, and connection by marriage.
Did κῆδος itself mean Germanic-style hate?
Not in the reviewed Greek lexical record. Its central cited meanings concern care, grief, trouble, mourning, funeral obligation, and affinity.
Could κῆδος name funeral rites or mourning?
Yes. LSJ supplies a dedicated sub-sense with Homeric, lyric, tragic, historical, oratorical, philosophical, and inscriptional evidence.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 1
Care, grief, funerals, and in-laws occupy one Greek noun—but hate does not secretly mean care.
LSJ's κῆδος entry moves through care and concern, anxiety and grief, troubles, mourning and funeral rites, an object of care, and connection by marriage. Homeric κήδεʼ can be many-troubled woes; Aeschylus can make Helen an object of care while playing on marriage affinity. Comparative sources then place the noun beside Celtic and Germanic hatred words under *ḱh₂d-es- and *ḱeh₂d-. The reveal is not a mystical reversal in which hate “really” means care. Merriam-Webster calls the semantic relations far from transparent, Liberman challenges the wider family's unity, and the Greek evidence itself resists a single linear story.
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “fun.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
The first edition of the Académie française dictionary prints DESASTRE as a headword and defines it as a disastrous accident or misfortune.
désastre / disaster / 1694
Le dictionnaire de l'Académie française. Tome 1 (A–L), première éditionwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗Iliad, lament and grievous funeral rites
κῆδος / κῆδος / Homeric epic, source-reported
Liddell–Scott–Jones Greek-English Lexicon — κῆδοςreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗Hirðskrá manuscript record
hatr / hatr / c.1300, source-reported
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — ¹hatr, masculine analysiswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗Skeireins Lat5750 corpus record, 8:5
hatis / hatis / Gothic manuscript corpus, date not normalized
Skeireins word analysis — 8:5, hatizawitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗Old High German Tatian, weeds parable
fīant / fīant / ninth-century Old High German Tatian; edited text
Tatian: Lateinisch und altdeutsch mit ausführlichem Glossar, 2nd ed. — section 72, p. 96witness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
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