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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL3 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Eland”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
ElandEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Various etymologies: * English habitational surname, from the town of Elland, in West Yorkshire, or from the village of Ealand, in North Lincolnshire, all of which derive from Old English ealand (“cultivated land by a river”). * Borrowed from Dutch Eland, a personal name composed of adel (“noble”) + land (“land”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗ElandEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From eland (“kind of antelope”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗elandEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Borrowed from Afrikaans eland, from Dutch eland (“elk”), from Middle Dutch elant, from obsolete early modern German elend, from Middle High German elen, see German Elen for more. Doublet of elk.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →010
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
No reviewed record in this collection contains “eland.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
020
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
No reviewed record in this collection contains “eland.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
033
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 2
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was frændi historically a loving-agent formation?
Yes at the comparative word-formation level. OED places the Old Icelandic form in the inherited participial cognate set, while Cleasby–Vigfússon and Fritzner derive it as a participle of frjá.
resolvedprobableposition text
Was fēogan borrowed from Gothic fijan?
No borrowing is established. Bosworth–Toller presents Gothic, Old High German, and Old Icelandic comparisons, while Kroonen reconstructs their Germanic verbal ancestor.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 1
RANK 55GRADE Aranked reveal
frændi is friend’s cognate—but kinship became its Old Norse center.
The Germanic family did not carry one frozen dictionary definition into every daughter language. OED places Old Icelandic frændi beside English friend; Cleasby–Vigfússon and Fritzner preserve the old participial analysis; ONP then exposes what happened in use. Its 225 citations distinguish friend, foster brother or companion, kinsman or son, parents, and ancestor, with no sharp wall between friend and kin. The unveiling is semantic divergence backed by a shared graph: English centers chosen companion, while the Scandinavian cognate centers family without ceasing to be cognate.
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BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary21 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — fjándi
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary20 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — FRÆNDI
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — fjá
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — hatr
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon · Sampo Silvennoinen digital edition / 1874
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary9 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — hata
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary8 CLAIM LINKS
A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic — fjá
Geir T. Zoëga / 1910
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary3 CLAIM LINKS
A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic — frændi
Geir T. Zoëga / 1926
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary2 CLAIM LINKS
A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic — hata
Geir T. Zoëga / 1910
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗052
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Icelandic homily, Adam as ancestor
frændi / frændi / manuscript dated circa 1200 by ONP
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine nounreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Ancient Laws of Ireland citation in eDIL
cais / cais / date not normalized; source-reported
eDIL — 1 cais, noun explained as both love and hatereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
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