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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 1 headword matching “Col”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
colEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Borrowed from French col, from Latin collum (“neck”). Doublet of collum.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗colEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Abbreviation
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
verb · noun · adjectiveheadword prefix
collect
To bring together, accumulate, infer, or receive; from Latin colligere, literally built with a together-prefix and legere.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun combining formhistorical form
-logy
A bound English word element used in formations involving discourse or expression and in names of doctrines, theories, sciences, and fields of study.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
boy
A male child or young man; Middle English also used the word for a male servant or churl, and its origin remains disputed.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbhistorical form
dialogue
Conversation, represented speech, or an exchange of ideas; inherited through medieval French and Latin from a Greek speaking-family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic masculine nd-stem common noundossier summary
fijands
A Gothic masculine nd-stem noun conventionally glossed enemy. Project Wulfila currently exposes 26 candidates: three verified noun assignments, two further noun-only assignments, and 21 surface forms also listed under the living verb fijan. Ayora Estevan explains the collision diachronically: Proto-Germanic had already lexicalized the present-participial *fi(j)and- as enemy, while Gothic retained productive one-who-hates participles beside the noun. The five noun-only candidates use fiand, fijands, fijande, and fijandis; all five were inspected in Codex Argenteus facsimiles.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic class-I weak-verb lemmadossier summary
hatjan
A Gothic weak verb meaning hate, represented by exactly one verified corpus token: the present participle hatjandam in Matthew 5:44. Project Wulfila lemmatizes that token as class-I hatjan, while the parallel Luke 6:27 command uses class-III hatandans from hatan. Braune treats the two shapes as conjugational fluctuation; Orel and the current corpus keep distinct formations visible. The normalized infinitive, the written participle, and the reconstructed parent are therefore never collapsed.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
intellect
The power or capacity of knowing and reasoning, inherited from Latin intellectus and intellegere.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
intelligence
Capacity for understanding, information, or the organizations that gather it; inherited through French from Latin intelligentia.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivehistorical form
intelligent
Having or showing understanding, judgment, or mental capacity; borrowed from the Latin participle of intellegere.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · adjectivehistorical form
kindred
An inherited English kinship word built from Old English cynn “kin” plus -ræden “condition or state,” with an intrusive d and a fossilized second element whose wider word-forming pattern disappeared.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbcontrarian claim
lecture
A formal instructional talk, named through a Latin lineage whose central action was reading.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjective · nounhistorical form
legal
Of law or permitted by law; borrowed through Anglo-French from Latin lēgālis and lēx.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0210
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Present-Day English / Indo-European
collect
to bring together; a prayer; payable by recipient
- DATE
- before 12th century–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
collecten
to accumulate, infer, calculate
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Anglo-French / Indo-European
collecter
to collect, accumulate
- DATE
- Anglo-French
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
colligere
to gather together, assemble, accumulate
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
collēctus
gathered together
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*leǵ-
to collect, gather; with descendants involving speaking
- DATE
- Indo-European prehistory
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 15
Latin / Indo-European
bōia
collar or yoke used to restrain criminals
- DATE
- Latin
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old English / Indo-European
cynræden / cynrēde
kinship; the condition or collective state associated with kin
- DATE
- Late Old English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
legislation
the making of laws, laws collectively, or business before a legislative body
- DATE
- 1606–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Spanish / Indo-European
pocho / poncho
faded, discolored; proposed source family for the garment word
- DATE
- historical Spanish candidate
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedword prefix
Are the prayer and gathering senses identical histories?
They converge on Latin collēctus / colligere, but the prayer noun may refer specifically to a congregation’s gathering place; the immediate motivation is qualified as “perhaps.”
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Is collect really com- plus legere?
Yes. Latin colligere contains the assimilated together-prefix com- / col- and legere “gather, select.”
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest root *leǵ- or *sleǵ-?
The traditional *leǵ- reconstruction remains widely represented, while published scholarship argues that the gather or collect root began with *s. The graph preserves both analyses.
openproposedposition text
Does boy securely descend from a word for ox hide?
No. American Heritage offers a possible chain through a fettered person, fetter, Latin restraint collar, and Greek ox hide; Oxford labels the origin unknown.
openprobableposition text
Are hatjan and hatan two Gothic verbs or one fluctuating paradigm?
The located scholarship does not collapse to one answer. Project Wulfila gives separate class-I and class-III lemmas; Orel publishes distinct Germanic formations. Braune says hatan fluctuates between class III and class I, and Wright lists both under the same gloss.
openproposedposition text
Did Latin lēx originally mean a “collection of rules”?
That semantic bridge and the deeper gather-root connection are plausible published analyses, not an uncontested fact. The root shape *leǵ- versus *sleǵ- is also disputed.
openproposedposition text
Does Latin lēx securely descend from the gather root *leǵ-?
Not securely. A collection-of-rules bridge is plausible and published, but the direction, root shape, and precise cognates remain disputed.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest root *leǵ- or *sleǵ-?
The traditional *leǵ- reconstruction remains widely represented, while published scholarship argues that the gather/collect root began with *s. The graph preserves both analyses.
openprobableposition text
Did “gather” straightforwardly become “speak”?
The collect/say comparison is old and substantial, but a neat story about “gathering words” exceeds what the comparative forms alone can prove.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are -logy and -logue interchangeable endings?
No. They are relatives in the Greek logos and legein family, but English -logy follows -logie, Latin -logia, and Greek -logiā, while prologue follows Greek prologos through Latin prologus and French prologue. Related ancestry does not erase distinct formations and transmission paths.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does Freund derive from modern Freude?
No. The reviewed ancestry runs through vriunt and friunt to the Germanic love or favor verb family. Modern Freude is not inserted as its parent.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did candid always mean honest?
No. The first reported English sense is white; clear, pure, fair, honest, frank, and photographic senses develop later.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 174GRADE Aranked-word prefix
Collect almost says its Latin construction aloud.
Latin colligere joins com- with legere: gathering together. Unlike many dramatic semantic reversals, the modern English core remains strikingly close to the historical construction.
RANK 13GRADE Aranked reveal
Legislation came before legislate.
The noun preserves a Latin law-bearing or law-proposing compound. English legislate was later back-formed from the already existing noun family.
RANK 17GRADE Aranked reveal
-logy never simply meant “the study of.”
The bound form’s recorded range includes expression and discourse as well as doctrine, theory, science, and study. Its trail reaches Greek logos—word, speech, account, reckoning, reason—rather than a prehistoric word meaning “science.”
RANK 32GRADE Aranked reveal
Enemy is a fossilized hater—but 21 Gothic tokens still refuse to choose.
Project Wulfila lists 42 candidates under fijan and 26 under the enemy noun fijands. Their intersection is exactly 21 surface tokens. Ayora Estevan explains the collision: *fi(j)and- had lexicalized as enemy before Gothic, while Gothic still possessed the productive present participle one who hates. Case and syntax resolve some passages; the remaining 21 stay public as noun-versus-participle ambiguity.
RANK 36GRADE Aranked reveal
German Feind is English fiend’s undemonic cousin: both fossilize one who hates.
Duden, DWDS/Pfeifer, and Grimm independently carry Feind through Middle and Old High German to a substantivized hating participle. OED places English fiend on the collateral Old English branch. German retained the ordinary enemy or opponent at its semantic center; English turned the cognate toward Devil, demon, and vicious person.
RANK 71GRADE Aranked reveal
Dialogue never meant “speech limited to two.”
Greek dia- means through, across, or between. Confusing it with the numeral prefix di- produced a durable but false restriction.
RANK 157GRADE Acontrarian claim
The one-in-ten origin is real—and the usage scold is still wrong.
English began with the tenth-member punishment sense, then broadened the word within decades. Etymology records change; it does not veto it.
RANK 165GRADE Aranked reveal
Intelligent did not descend from English intelligence.
English intelligent is borrowed from a Latin present participle. Intelligence follows a sibling French and Latin abstract-noun route; the words meet deeper than modern English.
RANK 167GRADE Aranked reveal
A prologue is speech before.
Greek prologos combines pro- “before” with logos “speech or discourse.” The modern general introduction grows from that theatrical structure.
RANK 191GRADE Aranked reveal
Legal is not descended from English law.
The meanings meet; the family trees do not. legal is Latin, while law is Germanic and Scandinavian.
RANK 197GRADE A−ranked reveal
Legible belongs to gathering and reading.
Late Latin legibilis means able to be read and comes from legere, the Latin gather, select, and read family.
RANK 202GRADE Branked reveal
Boy may reach ox—but only through a disputed trail.
One proposal runs from a fettered person through a shackle, restraint collar, ox hide, and ox; another major reference says the origin is unknown.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary12 CLAIM LINKS
Collect — Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference72 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root reg-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference60 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root: dhghem-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference48 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root: dheigh-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference43 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root deru-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference37 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root genə-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference33 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root ghos-ti-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗etymological dictionary31 CLAIM LINKS
Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vijand
Marlies Philippa · Frans Debrabandere · Arend Quak · Tanneke Schoonheim · Nicoline van der Sijs / 2009
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary29 CLAIM LINKS
American Heritage Dictionary — friend
American Heritage Dictionary editors / 2022
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗etymological dictionary28 CLAIM LINKS
Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vriend
Marlies Philippa · Frans Debrabandere · Arend Quak · Tanneke Schoonheim · Nicoline van der Sijs / 2009
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference25 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root dekm̥
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference18 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root mūs-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2026
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A passage about the crystalline lens in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses the inflected English form collects while describing how the lens gathers and refracts rays.
collect / collect / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
English lexical record for the prayer noun
collect / collect / before 12th century
Collect — Word Historyattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The SYSTEM entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses Science for an organized branch of knowledge when defining a system of philosophy.
science / science / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Morkinskinna, friends becoming enemies
frændi / frændi / manuscript dated circa 1275 by ONP
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine nounwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Agricola, Sprichwörter
hassen / hassen / 1560
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hassenreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Peder Syv song collection
fjende / fjende / Peder Syv Viser, source-reported 1695
Ordbog over det danske Sprog — Fjendereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
rēx in Vergil’s Aeneid
rēx / rēx / first-century BCE poem, inspected through an 1881 digital edition
Aeneid — Latin edition in the Perseus text collectionreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
rēgis in Vergil’s Aeneid
rēgis / rēx / first-century BCE poem, inspected through an 1881 digital edition
Aeneid — Latin edition in the Perseus text collectionreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Colossians 3:6
hatis / hatis / Gothic manuscript corpus, date not normalized
Gothic Bible word analysis — Colossians 3:6, hatisreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Colossians 3:6
hatis / hatis / Gothic manuscript corpus, date not normalized
Gothic Bible word analysis — Colossians 3:6, hatisreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Ambrosianus A corpus record, Colossians 3:8
hatis / hatis / Gothic manuscript corpus, date not normalized
Gothic Bible word analysis — Colossians 3:8, hatisreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Ambrosianus B corpus record, Colossians 3:8
hatis / hatis / Gothic manuscript corpus, date not normalized
Gothic Bible word analysis — Colossians 3:8, hatisreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.