NODE / 0979reconstructedProto-Indo-European
*dhi-n-gh-
TRANSLITERATION *dhi-n-gh-
to shape; form
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European nasalized zero-grade formation
- SENSE
- nasalized shape formation
- FAMILY
- Indo-European
- CANONICAL KEY
- node:6:dhi-n-gh:reconstructed:sense:nasalized-shape-formation
The nasalized formation printed behind Latin fingere.
*This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.
01ANCESTRAL EDGES
ROOT OF THIS ROOT
02DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES
THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP
03TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE
EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE
This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.
- UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
- 15
- REVIEWED EDGES
- 15
- DEEPEST PATH
- 6
- MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
- 3
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Latin fingere reflects the nasalized zero-grade formation *dhi-n-gh-.
- MEANING
- Molding, fashioning, making a likeness, and pretending continue the shaping field.
Merriam-Webster Editors · Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors3 CITATIONSEDGE 975 ↗ HISTORICAL STEP 023 EDGES
STEP 02competing derivationproposed
- SOUND
- Merriam-Webster derives figūra from fig-, a variant stem of fingere, plus -ūra.
- MEANING
- A result or product of shaping becomes form, likeness, and representation.
STEP 02stem allomorphyestablished
- SOUND
- Latin fig- is the variant stem of fingere used before the action-noun suffix.
- MEANING
- The shaping and making field remains intact.
STEP 02inheritanceestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French feindre continues Latin fingere through Romance sound and form history; no single unattested intermediate is inserted.
- MEANING
- To shape or make a likeness develops naturally toward pretending to be.
HISTORICAL STEP 034 EDGES
STEP 03borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French figure continues Latin figūra through Romance transmission.
- MEANING
- Shape, outward appearance, likeness, and represented form remain central.
STEP 03competing borrowingproposed
- SOUND
- American Heritage labels the French intermediary Old French, while Merriam-Webster labels it Anglo-French.
- MEANING
- The shape and form noun passes from Latin through medieval French into English.
American Heritage Dictionary Editors1 CITATIONEDGE 942 ↗ STEP 03derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Latin fictiō is formed from the variant stem fig- beside the action suffix -tiō.
- MEANING
- The action of shaping or molding extends to feigning and pretense.
STEP 03stem derivationestablished
- SOUND
- Anglo-French feign- is the inflectional stem of feindre.
- MEANING
- The fashioning and pretending senses remain connected.
HISTORICAL STEP 043 EDGES
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English borrows Anglo-French figure with English phonological adaptation.
- MEANING
- The shape, form, likeness, and symbol field is retained.
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle French fiction continues the borrowed Latin action noun fictiō.
- MEANING
- Shaping, feigning, and pretense narrow and reorganize in French and English.
STEP 04borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English borrows the Anglo-French feign- stem with English inflection.
- MEANING
- The make, fabricate, likeness, and pretense field is retained.
HISTORICAL STEP 053 EDGES
STEP 05continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English figure continues into modern figure with spelling stability and later English pronunciation development.
- MEANING
- Shape, likeness, symbol, number, person, and calculation senses expand from representation.
STEP 05borrowingestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English ficcioun borrows Middle French fiction with English orthographic adaptation.
- MEANING
- Invention and feigning senses continue.
STEP 05continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English feynen and feignen develop into modern feign with spelling and pronunciation standardization.
- MEANING
- Making, fabricating, likeness, and pretense narrow toward deliberate false appearance.
HISTORICAL STEP 061 EDGE
STEP 06continuationestablished
- SOUND
- Middle English ficcioun develops into modern fiction through French-influenced spelling and English pronunciation.
- MEANING
- Mental invention expands into narrative, imaginative, legal, and pretense senses.
“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.
04RECORDED EVIDENCE
ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.
05EDITORIAL REUSE
WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE