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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 1 headword matching “Sure”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
sureEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From Middle English sure, seur, sur, from Middle French sur or Old French seür, from Latin sēcūrus (“secure”, literally “carefree”), from sē- (“apart”) + cūra (“care”) (compare Old English orsorg (“carefree”), from or- (“without”) + sorg (“care”)). See cure. Doublet of secure and the now obsolete or dialectal sicker (“certain, safe”). Displaced native Middle English wis, iwis (“certain, sure”) (from Old English ġewis, ġewiss (“certain, sure”)), as well as Middle English siker (“sure, secure”) (from Old English sicor (“secure, sure”)) with which it was cognate.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗sureEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From Middle English sure, seur, sur, from Middle French sur or Old French seür, from Latin sēcūrus (“secure”, literally “carefree”), from sē- (“apart”) + cūra (“care”) (compare Old English orsorg (“carefree”), from or- (“without”) + sorg (“care”)). See cure. Doublet of secure and the now obsolete or dialectal sicker (“certain, safe”). Displaced native Middle English wis, iwis (“certain, sure”) (from Old English ġewis, ġewiss (“certain, sure”)), as well as Middle English siker (“sure, secure”) (from Old English sicor (“secure, sure”)) with which it was cognate.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024016
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
German masculine nouncontrarian claim
Hass
The modern German noun for intense aversion, rejection, or hostility toward a person, group, or institution. Duden traces Middle and Old High German haʒ to suffering, sorrow, and resentment and records the 1996 spelling change from Haß to Hass. DWDS/Pfeifer reports the Old High German noun from the eighth century and places it in the Germanic family of Old Saxon heti, Old English hete, Old Norse hatr, Gothic hatis, and related forms. Grimm’s DWB preserves a more complicated semantic record: hostile pursuit or action, anger expressed in deeds, ordinary hostile disposition, and even measured rivalry during friendly competition. The reviewed route reuses *hatiz- and the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- comparison, then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
Liebe
The German noun for love, inherited through Middle and Old High German and a Germanic abstract-noun formation distinct from the immediate noun ancestry of English love.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon adjectivedossier summary
hōti
Old Saxon hōti is a normalized adjective headword supported by three Heliand loci and five reported witness readings: nominative plural hotie in manuscript M and huotia in C at line 5183; accusative singular hotean in M and huotian in C at line 5246; and nominative singular huoti in C at line 5285. The Munich forms hotie and hotean are directly visible in Cgm 25 scans 150 and 152; the three Cotton readings remain source-reported. Köbler nevertheless prints hōti* with a trailing star, so the mark cannot be reduced to “no nominative exists”: the same entry explicitly reports nominative huoti. The deeper genealogy splits. UT groups hōti with the inherited hate family under Pokorny's k̑ād- “hate, displeasure, uneasiness”; Köbler cross-references hatōn as a headword but gives the adjective a distinct etymology through Germanic *hwōtja- beside *hwōtō “threat” and Pokorny's *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- complex “bore, prick, stab,” whose wider reflexes include whetting and inciting. The graph preserves both lanes. It does not turn hostile intent into a timeless essence, infer exact pronunciation from spelling, or pretend that a dictionary cross-reference settles ancestry.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbcontrarian claim
love
Deep affection; an unusually durable Germanic word whose emotional core survived more than a millennium of sound change.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
trust
Assured reliance, confidence, or responsibility; probably entering Middle English from Scandinavian material meaning confidence and firmness.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjective · adverbhistorical form
ստոյգ
The classical Armenian word for true, certain, real, or genuine, compared by Indo-European etymologists with the Greek true-word family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗024
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Middle High German / Indo-European
haʒ
hostility, hostile pursuit or action, anger in action, or measured rivalry
- DATE
- Middle High German
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old High German / Indo-European
liubī
love, affection, esteem, pleasure, favor
- DATE
- Old High German, attested from the tenth century
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
trust
assured reliance, confidence, care, or obligation
- DATE
- 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Armenian / Indo-European
ստոյգ
stoygtrue, just, certain, sure, real, authentic
- DATE
- Classical Armenian record–later Armenian
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0315
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableposition text
How wide was the PIE meaning?
“Love” is a convenient gloss, but daughter languages point to a field including desire, pleasure, approval, and care.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Has Hass always meant only intense inner aversion?
No. Modern Duden centers intense aversion and hostility, but DWB reports Middle High German hostile action, anger expressed in deeds, pursuit, and measured rivalry beside the familiar disposition sense.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do the displayed citations measure how often speakers used love versus hate?
No. They are a selected historical-dictionary evidence surface, not a balanced corpus or a sample of medieval speech.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do 42 candidate tokens measure spoken Gothic frequency?
No. They measure a bounded, fragmentary textual corpus with duplicate manuscript witnesses, biblical translation effects, and unresolved lemma assignments.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do 26 candidates measure spoken Gothic frequency?
No. They measure a bounded fragmentary textual corpus with biblical translation effects, ambiguous lemma assignments, and duplicate manuscript witnesses.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was the ordinary friend sense completely absent in Old Norse?
No. ONP explicitly structures a friend sense and a foster-brother or companion sense, even though historical dictionaries emphasize the dominance of kinsman.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do two surviving tokens prove hatan was rare in spoken Gothic?
No. They measure a bounded and fragmentary textual corpus, not ordinary speech, lost texts, genre distribution, or competition among Gothic hate verbs.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Can the six-hit result measure ordinary medieval speech?
No. Corpus Oudfries is a surviving-text corpus dominated by legal and related manuscripts, not a random sample or recording of spoken frequency.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do the surviving token counts measure spoken Gothic frequency?
No. Fifteen reported corpus tokens measure a bounded textual survival, heavily shaped by biblical translation and manuscript loss. They cannot estimate how often Goths used the noun, its competing synonyms, or its everyday senses.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does one surviving token prove the verb was rare in spoken Gothic?
No. It proves only that the current surviving and verified corpus contains one assigned token. The fragmentary manuscript record cannot measure ordinary speech.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does one surviving hatjan token prove the verb was rare in spoken Gothic?
No. It proves only that the surviving and currently verified corpus contains one token assigned to this lemma. The fragmentary manuscript record cannot measure ordinary spoken frequency.
resolvedprobableposition text
Are the chase, hurry, and incitement senses separate homonyms?
The reviewed dictionaries treat them as senses of one inherited verb. The semantic bridge from making quarry or people move under pressure to hurrying and inciting is historically plausible, though the dossier does not invent exact dates for every transition.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 3
RANK 28GRADE Aranked reveal
German hostile agitation still carries a hound’s chase.
The medieval verb drives dogs after quarry. The same directed-force construction is soon applied to people: Middle High German records set people against one another, and Early New High German polemic sets rulers against Christians. Modern political hetzen is therefore not merely “hate” verbalized; it inherits a grammar of making another actor pursue, pressure, or attack.
RANK 155GRADE Acontrarian claim
Regular is measured order.
Late Latin rēgulāris grows from rēgula, the straight bar or rule. Ordinary, scheduled, and normal are later abstractions from conformity to a rule.
RANK 169GRADE Aranked reveal
Romance is not the whole prehistory of love.
The reconstructed love family spans a wider comparative field of desire, care, pleasure, and longing. Modern romantic love is one powerful branch, not a one-word prehistoric definition.
040
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “sure.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
051
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.