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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL4 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Hem”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
HemEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From Khmer ហែម (haem, “to add, to supplement”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗hemEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
A sound uttered in imitation of clearing the throat (onomatopoeia)
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗hemEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Middle English hem, hemm, in turn from Old English hem, of West Germanic origin, from Proto-West Germanic *hammjan from Proto-Germanic *hamjaną. Related to Middle High German hemmen (“to hem in”), Old Norse hemja (“to hem in, restrain”); outside of Germanic, to Armenian քամել (kʻamel, “to press, wring”), Russian ком (kom, “lump”). The verb is from Middle English hemmen, from Old English hemman, from Proto-Germanic *hamjaną, or alternatively derived from the noun.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗hemEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
From Middle English hem, from Old English heom (“them”, dative), originally a dative plural form but in Middle English coming to serve as an accusative plural as well. More at 'em.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 20240112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
German masculine noundossier summary
Freund
German Freund continues Middle High German vriunt and Old High German friunt. DWDS/Pfeifer, Duden, and Grimm independently analyze the inherited Germanic formation as a substantivized present participle of the verb represented by Gothic frijōn and Old English frēogan: historically a loving or favorably disposed one. The record is semantically wider than a modern close companion: the historical dictionaries also document neighbor, relative, lover, ally, supporter, patron, address, and euphemistic uses. The graph joins the High German line to the same reviewed *frijōnd- and *frī- nodes as English friend, keeps *prī- proposed, and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
algebra
A mathematical discipline whose English name travels through Medieval Latin from Arabic al-jabr, restoration or completion.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · adjectivehistorical form
arithmetic
The art or practice of counting and calculation; transmitted from Greek arithmos “number” through Latin and French.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
bridegroom
A man about to be or recently married; remodeled from bridegome after the older man-word gome became opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbdossier summary
calculate
To determine mathematically or estimate, borrowed from a Latin family built around counting with pebbles.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
calculator
A person or device that calculates, inherited from a medieval human-reckoner word and the Latin counting-pebble family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
calculus
A mathematical system, a method of reasoning, or a bodily stone; borrowed from a Latin word for a pebble used in counting.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivehistorical form
chthonic
Of the underworld or of things in and under the earth; a learned English continuation of the Greek earth family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun and adjectivedossier summary
dairy
Milk, milk products, or a place and enterprise devoted to them; historically built on the occupational word for a woman managing milk and food production.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
etymon
A technical English noun for an earlier source form, a foreign donor, or a base used in composition or derivation.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbhistorical form
exhume
To remove from burial or recover from obscurity; borrowed from Medieval Latin exhumare, literally a formation on ex, out of, and humus, earth.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗English common noun and historical adjectivedossier summary
friend
English friend continues Middle English frẹ̄nd and Old English frēond, an inherited Germanic nd-stem agent noun. OED identifies cognates across West, East, and North Germanic and analyzes them as noun uses of a present participle of the Germanic base behind free; Bosworth–Toller explicitly calls Old English freónd the participle of freón, a verb meaning free or love; American Heritage independently explains the formation as originally one who loves. The historical noun later covers intimate companion, ally, supporter, relation, lover, form of address, Quaker, climbing device, and social-network contact. The graph displays a normalized *frijōnd- participial formation, Germanic *frī-, the proposed Indo-European comparison *prī-, and then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0210
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*dhghem-
earth
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European centum form
- MATCH
- transliteration
- DOSSIERS
- 9
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*dhg̑hem-
earth
- DATE
- oldest Proto-Indo-European form
- MATCH
- transliteration
- DOSSIERS
- 5
Present-Day English / Indo-European
algebra
a mathematical discipline of symbolic and structural relations
- DATE
- 1551–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Medieval Latin / Indo-European
algebra
restoration; bone-setting; the mathematical art
- DATE
- 12th–16th centuries
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
arithmetic
the art, practice, or branch of mathematics concerned with numbers and calculation
- DATE
- mid-13th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
calculus
a mathematical method; a system of reckoning; also a bodily stone
- DATE
- 1666–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
calkelatour
one who counts or computes; a mathematician
- DATE
- Middle English, 14th–15th centuries
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
dairy
milk products; a place or enterprise producing them
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
salt
sodium chloride; saline substance; later figurative savor and scientific chemical class
- DATE
- Old English continuation–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
tea
the leaves of Camellia sinensis or a beverage made by infusing them
- DATE
- 1655–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableposition text
Did English receive December through Old English or French?
The reviewed source allows either Old English or Anglo-French transmission from Latin and does not choose between them.
openproposedposition text
Are the opposite readings one polysemous word, merged historical homonyms, or a lexicographic convenience?
eDIL groups them in one headword but does not, by that editorial act alone, settle the full historical relationship among every love and hate occurrence.
openprobableposition text
Is fijands an ordinary participle or a lexical noun meaning enemy?
Both categories exist historically and synchronically. Ayora Estevan derives the noun from a Proto-Germanic lexicalized present participle, then shows Gothic still using fi(j)ands as the productive participle one who hates. Token-level syntax and inflection sometimes distinguish them; many surface forms do not.
openproposedposition text
Do Celtic cais and cas make the deep Indo-European route secure?
Not by themselves. Koch publishes Proto-Celtic *katsi- and a wider *kad- comparison, but Middle Irish cais itself carries both love and hatred, and Liberman challenges whether several non-Germanic comparisons form one transparent family.
openestablishedposition text
Do ho- and huo- spellings prove one precisely dated sound change?
No. They establish witness variation across M and C. The available spellings, manuscript dates, and editorial macrons do not by themselves recover one exact phonetic sequence.
openprobableposition text
Which Eastern Algonquian language directly supplied moose?
The family source is secure, but related Massachusett moos and Eastern Abenaki mos do not by themselves identify one unique direct donor.
openspeculativeposition text
What was the original salt connection?
Unknown. A salt allowance, purchase money, and euphemistic honorarium have all been proposed without decisive evidence.
openprobableposition text
Which Turkic language directly supplied Russian чай?
Vasmer lists several Turkic comparanda and routes but does not reduce them to one uniquely established immediate donor.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are -logy and -logue interchangeable endings?
No. They are relatives in the Greek logos and legein family, but English -logy follows -logie, Latin -logia, and Greek -logiā, while prologue follows Greek prologos through Latin prologus and French prologue. Related ancestry does not erase distinct formations and transmission paths.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is the historically meaningful Gaulish ending simply -ix?
No. The linguistic sources segment -rīx or orthographic -rix as the onomastic element and align it with Proto-Celtic *rīx-s. Treating -ix alone as the inherited unit cuts through the initial r of the morpheme.
resolvedprobableposition text
Are German Liebe and English love the same immediate inherited noun?
No. Their histories converge deeper in the desire-and-care family, but Old High German liubî is analyzed through Germanic *leubīn while Old English lufu follows the *lubō branch.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is the bone-setting sense a fake folk story?
No. Arabic and Romance transmission includes reunion of broken parts and bone-setting. That real medical sense should not be confused with the mathematical title history.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 16GRADE Aranked reveal
Humiliation is evidenced in English before humiliate.
Chaucer’s Middle English humiliacioun occurs in a humility passage; Merriam-Webster reports the English verb humiliate only circa 1534. Christian Latin and French preserve lowering, abasement, mortification, and self-humbling before current definitions center degradation, disgrace, and shame.
RANK 79GRADE Aranked reveal
The modern spelling arrived after the word.
Urdu historical records preserve چا and چاہ before standard modern چائے displaced them. A familiar written form can be the newest layer of an older spoken history.
RANK 81GRADE Aranked reveal
The etymon is not always the root of the root.
In technical use an etymon may be an earlier form, a foreign loan source, or a derivational word or morpheme—not necessarily the deepest reachable ancestor.
RANK 93GRADE Aranked reveal
Decimal is named for tenths, not the point.
The word runs through the tenth-part family to Latin decem “ten.” The decimal point is a notation used by decimals, not the ancestor that named them.
RANK 98GRADE Aranked reveal
The ad- in adverb is not add.
Latin adverbium joins directional ad- with verbum “word” and translates Greek epirrhema. The modern class can modify far more than verbs.
RANK 116GRADE Aranked reveal
Human reaches earth as a reconstructed earthling, not a direct dirt word.
Latin hūmānus belongs with homō; comparative analysis derives homō from *(dh)ghom-on-, an earthling formation on *dhghem-, earth.
RANK 124GRADE Aranked reveal
Humble is an earth word.
Latin humilis, low or humble, is formed from humus, earth or ground, inside the *dhghem- family.
RANK 125GRADE Aranked reveal
Human does not descend from humus.
Latin humus and homō are sibling formations under *dhghem-; the English words meet only at reconstructed depth.
RANK 126GRADE Aranked reveal
The groom in bridegroom is a replacement.
Old English brȳdguma contained guma, man; familiar groom replaced opaque gome by folk etymology.
RANK 129GRADE Aranked reveal
Chthonic was an earth word before it was an underworld word.
Greek khthonios means of the earth, from khthōn, earth; infernal reference is a specialization of what lies beneath.
RANK 130GRADE Aranked reveal
Exhume is literally built on out of plus earth.
Medieval Latin exhumare combines ex, out of, and humus, earth—the same Latin earth noun behind English humus.
RANK 135GRADE Aranked reveal
Humiliate is historically to make low.
Late Latin humiliāre means to make low or humble and grows from humilis, low or near the ground, which is formed from humus, earth. Modern shame and loss of dignity sit on that lowering history.
044
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
scholarly reference60 CLAIM LINKS
Indo-European Root: dhghem-
Calvert Watkins and American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference20 CLAIM LINKS
Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: A
John Aldrich et al. / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical text edition2 CLAIM LINKS
Tatian: Lateinisch und altdeutsch mit ausführlichem Glossar, 2nd ed. — section 72, p. 96
Eduard Sievers (editor) / 1892
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗scholarly reference0 CLAIM LINKS
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi
J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson / 1999
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0510
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s Lexicon technicum prints DECIMAL in the head phrase DECIMAL Fraction and begins its mathematical definition.
decimal / decimal / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The CHIMES entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum uses calculate in instructions about clock-chime numbers.
calculate / calculate / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
A passage in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum cites a Lecture by Nehemiah Grew about varieties of taste read before the Royal Society.
lecture / lecture / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Source-reported title phrase in al-Khwārizmī's mathematical work
al-jabr / algebra / c. 825
Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: Areporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Seventeenth-century hidden-enemy proverb
fiende / fiende / 1665
Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDEwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
Source-reported English record for the algorithm spelling
algorithm / algorithm / 1699
Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: Areporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Ambrosianus D, Nehemiah 6:16
fijan / fijan / Gothic manuscript corpus, date not normalized
Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventoryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Codex Ambrosianus D, Nehemiah 6:16
fijands / fijands / Gothic manuscript corpus, date not normalized
Lemma fijands — Gothic enemy noun and 26-token candidate inventoryreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old High German Tatian, weeds parable
fīant / fīant / ninth-century Old High German Tatian; edited text
Tatian: Lateinisch und altdeutsch mit ausführlichem Glossar, 2nd ed. — section 72, p. 96reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Jurisprudentia Frisica
hatia / hatia / Codex Roorda manuscript dated 1490-1504; source-reported
Corpus Oudfries — hatia in Jurisprudentia Frisicawitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.