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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Usage”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
usageEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Etymology tree Anglo-Norman usagebor. Middle English usage English usage From Middle English usage, from Anglo-Norman and Old French usage. By surface analysis, use + -age.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →011
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
020
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
No reviewed record in this collection contains “usage.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
0310
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 8
openprobableposition text
Did English chai come from one identifiable donor language?
The modern culinary sense strongly points toward South Asian usage, but Merriam-Webster lists Turkish, Russian, Persian, Hindi, and Urdu source forms without selecting one unique donor.
openproposedposition text
Did the Devil preserve vijand’s full ending?
Possibly, not certainly. Van Veen, De Vries, Van Haeringen, and EWN repeat variants of the proposal that medieval Devil usage made vijand a church or consecrated term whose full ending resisted the reduction seen in vriend. Their wording is maybe or probably.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does dialogue etymologically require exactly two speakers?
No. Greek dia- means through, across, or between, not two; both reviewed histories explicitly reject or contradict the two-person restriction.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is enemy still the ordinary modern meaning of fiend?
No. OED marks the literal enemy or foe sense obsolete and dates that sense through 1450, while supernatural and hostile-person senses continue.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are A, B, and Carolinus witnesses separate lexical usage events?
They are separate surviving manuscript tokens, but duplicate witnesses of one passage cannot be counted as independent acts of historical usage.
resolvedprobableposition text
How did a reciprocal stranger become an enemy?
Early Latin hostis referred to a foreigner or legally recognized outsider before later Roman usage restricted it to a hostile outsider or enemy.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did Latin hostis always mean enemy?
No. Roman sources remembered an older foreigner or stranger sense before usage restricted the word toward a public or armed enemy.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Has Urdu always spelled the tea word چائے?
No. Rekhta’s historical note reports older چا and چاہ spellings and says modern standard usage has largely converged on چائے.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 2
RANK 157GRADE Acontrarian claim
The one-in-ten origin is real—and the usage scold is still wrong.
English began with the tenth-member punishment sense, then broadened the word within decades. Etymology records change; it does not veto it.
RANK 163GRADE Aranked reveal
The enemy was once the stranger.
Older Latin hostis named a foreigner or legally recognized outsider. Roman authors themselves explain how usage narrowed toward the armed or public enemy.
041
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
050
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “usage.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.