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Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL4 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Test”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
TestEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
The river is first attested 877 as Terstan. The name is of Brythonic origin, possibly related to Welsh trais (“violence, battle”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗testEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Middle English test, teste, from Old French test, teste (“an earthen vessel, especially a pot in which metals were tried”), from Latin testum (“the lid of an earthen vessel, an earthen vessel, an earthen pot”), from *terstus, past participle of the root *tersa (“dry land”). See terra, thirst. The examination sense came via metaphor of the metallurgical sense: the way a metallurgist puts to the test their gold, a teacher may put to the test their students' knowledge. Displaced Old English afandung.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗testEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Middle English test, teste, from Old French test, teste (“an earthen vessel, especially a pot in which metals were tried”), from Latin testum (“the lid of an earthen vessel, an earthen vessel, an earthen pot”), from *terstus, past participle of the root *tersa (“dry land”). See terra, thirst. The examination sense came via metaphor of the metallurgical sense: the way a metallurgist puts to the test their gold, a teacher may put to the test their students' knowledge. Displaced Old English afandung.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗testEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Middle English teste, from Old French teste, test and Latin testis (“one who attests, a witness”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Chambers (1908)
1908- TestEnglish · e-38700-4733
Test, test, n. a pot in which metals are tried and refined: any critical trial: means of trial: (chem.) anything used to distinguish substances or detect their presence, a reagent: standard: proof: distinction: a witness
Read the full source record → - TestEnglish · e-38700-4734
Test, test, v.t. to attest legally and date.—v.i. to make a will.—adj. Tes′table, capable of being given by will, capable of witnessing. [Fr. tester—L. testāri, to testify.]
Read the full source record →
0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
onomastic compound elementdossier summary
-rīx
An attested Gaulish second member meaning “king” or “prince,” visible in compound personal names such as Dumnorix and Vercingetorix and inherited from Proto-Celtic *rīx-s.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
aguacate
The Spanish word for the avocado tree and fruit, borrowed from Nahuatl āhuacatl, whose historical records include both fruit and testicle senses.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
avocado
An English reshaping of Spanish aguacate from Nahuatl āhuacatl, a word documented with both avocado and testicle senses.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
bayou
English bayou, recorded by 1763, came from Louisiana French bayouque. An early Choctaw *bayok is a plausible proposed source, but the historical form and its alleged contraction to modern bók are not securely attested.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic class-III weak-verb lemmadossier summary
fijan
A Gothic class-III weak verb conventionally glossed hate or detest. Project Wulfila currently exposes 42 candidate tokens under fijan: 13 verified, eight further lexically unambiguous, and 21 explicitly ambiguous with the masculine nd-stem noun fijands, enemy. The surface inventory contains fifteen written shapes, including one exact infinitive fijan in John 7:7 and four j-less forms. Ayora Estevan shows why the overlap cannot be normalized away: Proto-Germanic had already lexicalized *fi(j)and- as enemy, while Gothic still used the matching present-participial formation for one who hates.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English strong masculine nd-stem noundossier summary
frēond
Old English frēond is the directly attested source-language noun behind modern friend. OED analyzes it as an inherited strong masculine agent noun in -nd, ultimately a noun use of the present participle of the Germanic base behind free, and documents West Saxon frēond, Northumbrian and Kentish frīond, Kentish frīand, mutated frīend and frȳnd, endingless plurals, and re-formed frēondas. Bosworth–Toller prints freónd and friónd, explicitly links freónde loving to freón or freógan, and supplies examples for companion, ally, relation, friend of God, friend versus foe, and friends acting as arbitrators. OED independently preserves close companion, non-enemy, ally, and kinsman senses in Old English. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV folio 152r was directly inspected at Beowulf 1018, where the pixels visibly preserve freondum in Heorot innan wæs freondum afylled. The route reuses the reviewed *frijōnd-, *frī-, and proposed *prī- nodes and then stops. The displayed pronunciation is a normalized approximation, not a recorded voice.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Dutch masculine nouncontrarian claim
fīunt
Old Dutch fīunt is the normalized headword behind a twenty-six-occurrence historical-dictionary record for enemy or opponent. ONW classifies the noun as synchronically unsegmented but says it was originally the present participle of the verb corresponding to Old High German fīēn and Gothic fijan, a verb no longer known in Dutch. Its frequency table preserves six case-number cells: nominative and genitive singular plus nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative plural. Those are not a complete paradigm. The article displays twenty representative location blocks after warning that locations in the semantic profile have been reduced. Most early Wachtendonck Psalms material is linguistically dated 901–1000 but survives in copies dated 1595–1605, circa 1598, or 1701–1800; no tenth-century manuscript object was inspected. One dfiunt or fiunt gloss aligned with Latin diabolus is textually disputed, and one Groningen psalm gloss is explicitly assigned to Old Frisian by the dictionary. This dossier therefore treats fīunt as a nominal fossil with a partially preserved inflectional record, not as a productive Old Dutch participle or a complete transparent paradigm.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old High German weak verbdossier summary
fīēn
Old High German fīēn—printed fîên in the Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch—was a weak verb meaning to hate, not love, be hostile to, detest, or reject. The official dictionary says it is attested only in Alemannic manuscripts of the eighth and ninth centuries, then inventories an infinitive fien, present participle fiendi, second-person singular preterite fietos, and accusative plural masculine past participle fieta. Three rule-text records concern hating discipline, one’s own will, or no person; gloss records align the participial forms with Latin exosus or exosos; and an Esther gloss aligns fien with detestari. These are source-reported edition and dictionary records, not directly inspected manuscript objects, and the broad manuscript horizon does not identify one exact first token. A separate twelfth-century article printed fien [sic] with the gloss ubere is explicitly left uninterpreted by the dictionary and is not merged into this hate verb. Beside the verb, Old High German had the already lexicalized enemy noun fīant, whose old participial character could still shine through in fixed phrases. The graph therefore shows a living daughter verb beside a grammatical fossil without pretending that either attested form is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic word itself. No historical sound recording exists and the dossier does not display a fabricated phonetic certainty.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English weak verbdossier summary
hatian
An attested Old English verb for hating whose objects include persons, enemies, vices, and deeds. It continues a reconstructed Germanic weak verb commonly represented as *hatōjan-, but published reconstructions vary, its relationship to the noun base is derivational rather than direct word-to-word descent, and the proposed deeper Indo-European route remains semantically opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old High German weak-verb citation formdossier summary
hazzōn
An Old High German citation form in the inherited Germanic hate-verb family, printed beside hazzēn and spelling variants hazēn, hazōn, haʒʒēn, and haʒʒōn. Starling’s source record dates hazzēn to the eighth century and hazzōn to the ninth; Duden and Grimm’s DWB group the ēn and ōn forms in the history of German hassen. Corpus-wide research independently shows that some Old High German class-III ēn verbs also occur with class-II ōn forms, but the accessible abstract does not establish that hazzōn is one of its twenty repeatedly attested double forms. DWB reports haʒôn aligned with Latin aemulari and the forms hatamas and hatent with insequamur and insequuntur. Those reports support an action range involving following or hostile pursuit; they are not directly inspected manuscript tokens. Pokorny’s account, as transmitted by Starling, explicitly warns that the Germanic evidence does not prove “pursue” was the root’s basic meaning. The route therefore distinguishes the normalized headword, the combined historical variants, the reconstructed Germanic weak verb and noun family, the qualified Indo-European comparison, and the point where knowledge ends.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English masculine noundossier summary
hete
An attested Old English noun for hate, enmity, malice, spite, hostility, and persecution, productive in compounds and securely aligned with the Germanic hate family; whether Middle English hate directly continues it remains disputed, and the proposed deeper Indo-European route remains semantically opaque.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon masculine i-stem nouncontrarian claim
heti
Old Saxon heti is an attested noun, not a reconstructed Proto-Germanic form. Köbler prints the normalized citation form hėti* with a trailing asterisk, then gives three cited lexical loci whose inflections produce five witness readings: accusative singular heti at Heliand 1322 in manuscripts M, C, and V; dative singular heti at Genesis 60; and genitive singular hetias in the tenth-century Saxon Confession. No nominative singular appears in that inventory, but the exact surface heti is visibly written in Munich Cgm 25. The directly inspected Heliand line places the noun in the Beatitudes, where righteous people endure rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi, powerful men's hostility or persecution and hostile speech. The Saxon Confession instead places hetias beside malice, envy, and slander among confessed wrongs. Those contexts establish a range broader than one private feeling without proving that persecution was the prehistoric root meaning. Fulk and Köbler analyze the Old Saxon comparison as an i-stem; Pfeifer describes the wider Germanic noun as an old es/os-stem, so the inherited morphological account remains public rather than falsely harmonized.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗025
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Gothic / Indo-European
fijan
to hate or detest; direct an experience of hostility toward a stimulus
- DATE
- Gothic textual tradition
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old High German / Indo-European
fīēn
fîênto hate, not love, be hostile to, detest, or reject
- DATE
- Old High German; only in Alemannic manuscripts of the eighth and ninth centuries
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
science
systematic knowledge, especially knowledge tested through scientific method
- DATE
- 19th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
French / Indo-European
étymon
attested or reconstructed form used to explain a word’s historical development
- DATE
- 1892–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Classical Nahuatl / Uto-Aztecan
āhuacatl
avocado; testicle
- DATE
- Classical Nahuatl
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 2
0322
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedposition text
Is Choctaw bayuk a securely attested source of bayou?
No. An early Choctaw *bayok is plausible and accepted in a major handbook, but later bayuk is not securely attested and contraction to bók was conjectural.
openproposedposition text
Is *kad-t/si- from *kad- the only defensible deeper analysis?
No. It is a published proposal, not an attested sequence, and the wider cross-branch set remains semantically disputed.
openproposedposition text
Is *kand- a secure endpoint?
No. The Latin candēre family is attested, but its deeper reconstructed root and cognate set remain analysis-dependent.
openestablishedposition text
What is the exact earliest surviving fjá token?
Not established here. The reviewed sources supply poem and stanza locations but no directly inspected manuscript object, exact composition date, or uncontested first-use year.
openproposedposition text
Does friend securely descend from exactly *prī-?
It is a published Indo-European comparison, not direct attestation. The Germanic and Old English stages are firmer than the deepest displayed root.
openprobableposition text
Why does Köbler print hatia with an asterisk while corpus forms are visible?
Köbler's sigla mark inferred or unattested representations inside his lexicographic system, while the later corpus surfaces inflected forms hatijen, hatie, hata, and hatien and one misleading hatia homograph. The exact source-base difference remains to be reconciled.
openprobableposition text
Does the trailing star specifically mean that the nominative singular is unattested?
That is a plausible reading because Köbler lists only accusative, dative, and genitive evidence, but no explicit legend defining this exact trailing star was located in the reviewed source.
openprobableposition text
Is there one uncontested inherited stem-class analysis for the wider noun?
No. Fulk compares Old Saxon heti and Old English hete as i-stems and says Gothic hatis transferred to the a-stems; Pfeifer calls the wider noun an old es/os-stem.
openproposedposition text
Did hettan mean hate, pursue, attack, or persecute?
No single gloss exhausts the record. Orel glosses Old English hettan “hate” but Middle High German hetzen “pursue”; the attested enemy forms encode an antagonist, and Liberman argues for pursuit or persecution as an older concrete history.
openprobableposition text
Is the Old High German form directly attested?
Unresolved in the located sources. Bailey prints *hezzen with an asterisk and reconstructs it from Middle High German and cognates, while Duden and the older Kluge entry refer to an Old High German hetzen without visibly marking the form as hypothetical.
openestablishedposition text
Does the trailing star mean that no nominative form is attested?
No simple rule of that kind fits this entry: Köbler explicitly reports nominative plural hotie and huotia plus nominative singular huoti beneath hōti*. The exact convention remains unstated in the located material.
openestablishedposition text
Is *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- a securely attested prehistoric word?
No. It is a Pokorny etymon adapted in a comparative database whose pages are explicitly under active construction. Its link to hōti is a published proposal.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 10
RANK 2GRADE Aranked reveal
Truth began with firmness and fidelity.
Before truth centered factual correspondence, its family named what was firm, faithful, and steadfast.
RANK 41GRADE Aranked reveal
The enemy fossil and the living hate verb coexisted in Old High German.
AWB records fîên as a weak verb only in eighth- and ninth-century Alemannic manuscripts, but the pocket preserves an infinitive, present participle, preterite, and past participle across hate, hostility, detestation, and rejection. Beside it, fîant was already a strong masculine enemy noun whose old participial character could still shine through in fixed phrases. Old High German therefore preserves both sides of the history at once: the live verbal family and the noun already lexicalized from it. The evidence reveals a grammatical relationship, not the psychology of every enemy and not a securely recovered Proto-Indo-European essence.
RANK 47GRADE Aranked reveal
The Old Dutch enemy noun outlived the hate verb that created it.
ONW counts twenty-six fīunt occurrences across six attested case-number cells, yet classifies the noun as synchronically unsegmented and says the corresponding hate verb is no longer known in Dutch. Comparative evidence reconstructs the noun as an old present-participial formation: the hating one. The grammar therefore preserves a fossil in nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative records after Dutch lost the living verb that once made the formation transparent. Six cells are evidence, not a complete paradigm; the early Psalms records survive in later copies; and the lone Devil gloss is disputed.
RANK 49GRADE Acontrarian claim
The token is attested even though the dictionary headword wears an asterisk.
Köbler heads the Old Saxon noun hėti* but lists written accusative and dative heti plus genitive hetias beneath it. The exact Munich Heliand token is directly visible in the clause rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi. The dictionary count three also hides a second distinction: it means three lexical loci, while Heliand 1322 survives with M, C, and V readings, producing five reported witness readings across the dossier. The star therefore belongs to an editorial headword layer; it does not erase the attested surface or turn Old Saxon into Proto-Germanic. The visible Heliand context is endured hostility or persecution, while the Saxon Confession groups hetias with malice, envy, and slander. Even the inherited grammar stays open: Fulk and Köbler use an i-stem analysis, whereas Pfeifer calls the wider noun an old es/os-stem.
RANK 58GRADE A-ranked reveal
Medieval Hass could be friendly competition.
Grimm’s DWB quotes Erec 2059: riders pursue a hawking contest, friuntlîchen striten, and share a bescheiden haʒ. The dictionary interprets this as rivalry in pursuing a goal. Modern Duden instead centers intense aversion and hostility. The contrast reveals a real historical side meaning without claiming that every medieval use was friendly or that Liebe and Hass share ancestry.
RANK 70GRADE Acontrarian claim
The viral “it means testicle” story overclaims a real fact.
Nahuatl āhuacatl is documented with both avocado and testicle senses. The dictionaries establish polysemy and transmission through Spanish—not which sense named the other.
RANK 75GRADE Aranked reveal
The anatomical avocado story is both true and overstated.
Nahuatl āhuacatl is historically recorded with fruit and testicle senses. That establishes polysemy—not which sense named the other.
RANK 84GRADE Aranked reveal
Even the source-form can wear an asterisk.
French lexicography defines an étymon as attested or reconstructed/hypothetical. The unit used to explain a word’s history is not automatically a surviving word.
RANK 158GRADE Acontrarian claim
A starred Gothic lemma can still be manuscript-attested.
Project Wulfila writes *liufs because the normalized citation form is inferred from inflections. Forms such as liuba and liubans survive in named codices, so this is not the same kind of star as Proto-Germanic *leubaz.
RANK 201GRADE A−ranked reveal
Chess may be a fossilized plural.
English chess comes through French plural game or piece forms. Its deeper route remains contested between the king-call šāh family and the traveling game-name šatranj.
042
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
056
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
CNRTL historical first-attestation report for French ethimologie
ethimologie / étymologie / c. 1175
Étymologie: étymologiereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Swedish New Testament, Matthew 5:43
fiende / fiende / 1526
Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDEreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Swedish New Testament, 1 Peter 5:8
fiende / fiende / 1526
Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDEreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
CNRTL historical-attestation report for French étymologique
étymologique / étymologique / c. 1550
Étymologique — Trésor de la langue française informatiséreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
CNRTL historical first-attestation report for French étymon
étymon / étymon / 1892
Étymon — Trésor de la langue française informatiséreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Esther 14:15 gloss, infinitive
fīēn / fīēn / eighth- or ninth-century Alemannic gloss; source-reported
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîênwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.