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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Reign”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
reignEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- Proto-Indo-European *-s Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs Proto-Italic *rēks Latin rēx Proto-Indo-European *-nós Proto-Italic *-nos Latin -nus Latin *rēgnusnom. Latin rēgnum Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu. Proto-Italic *-ājō Proto-Italic *-āō Latin -ō Latin rēgnō, rēgnārelbor. Old French reignier Anglo-Norman regnerbor. Middle English regnen English reign Inherited from Middle English regnen, from Old French reignier, from the Latin verb rēgnō, and the noun rēgnum. Doublet of regnum. Displaced native Old English rīċe (“a reign”) and ricsian (“to reign”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →017
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
verb · nounhistorical form
check
To verify, restrain, mark, or issue a bank draft today; a word whose oldest English history begins with a threatened king in chess.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
chess
The board game whose English name arrives through French chess vocabulary, with competing scholarly accounts of the deeper Persian and Arabic route.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
etymon
A technical English noun for an earlier source form, a foreign donor, or a base used in composition or derivation.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivehistorical form
hostile
Enemy-like or antagonistic, borrowed through French and Latin from hostīlis, built on Latin hostis “stranger; enemy.”
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
hostis
The Latin word for an outsider or public enemy, preserving the historical semantic turn from foreign stranger to armed opponent.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
rājā
The Sanskrit nominative singular meaning king, sovereign, prince, or chief, belonging to the consonant stem rājan-.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
shah
The Persian title for a king or sovereign, borrowed into English in the sixteenth century.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗028
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Present-Day English / Indo-European
etymon
an earlier source form, foreign donor, or derivational base
- DATE
- 1573–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
hostis
foreigner or stranger in early use; later enemy
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Sanskrit / Indo-European
rājan-
king, sovereign, prince, chief
- DATE
- Vedic and Classical Sanskrit
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Sanskrit / Indo-European
rājā
king, sovereign, prince, chief
- DATE
- Vedic and Classical Sanskrit
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
shah
a sovereign of Iran
- DATE
- 1566–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old Persian / Indo-European
xšāyaθiyā
king, sovereign
- DATE
- Achaemenid Old Persian
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 3
Persian / Indo-European
šāh
shāhking, sovereign
- DATE
- New Persian
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 3
Middle Persian / Indo-European
šāh
king, sovereign
- DATE
- Middle Persian
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 3
035
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 3
resolvedestablishedposition text
Must an etymon be the deepest reconstructable root?
No. Merriam-Webster defines it as an earlier same-language or ancestral form, a foreign loan source, or a word or morpheme used in composition or derivation.
resolvedprobableposition text
How did a reciprocal stranger become an enemy?
Early Latin hostis referred to a foreigner or legally recognized outsider before later Roman usage restricted it to a hostile outsider or enemy.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did Latin hostis always mean enemy?
No. Roman sources remembered an older foreigner or stranger sense before usage restricted the word toward a public or armed enemy.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 2
RANK 81GRADE Aranked reveal
The etymon is not always the root of the root.
In technical use an etymon may be an earlier form, a foreign loan source, or a derivational word or morpheme—not necessarily the deepest reachable ancestor.
RANK 163GRADE Aranked reveal
The enemy was once the stranger.
Older Latin hostis named a foreigner or legally recognized outsider. Roman authors themselves explain how usage narrowed toward the armed or public enemy.
040
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “reign.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
052
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
The PAPER-OFFICE entry in John Harris’s Lexicon technicum includes Letters of Intelligence among official papers communicated to the King’s Council.
intelligence / intelligence / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and scienceswitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Monier-Williams lexical record for rājan and rāja
rājā / rājā / Vedic and Classical Sanskrit lexical record
Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary: rājan and rājawitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.