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THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL8 source sections across 3 headwords matching “Pro”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
Open the permanent entry for Pro →Open the permanent entry for PRO →Open the permanent entry for pro →
ProEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Borrowed from Spanish Pro.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗PROEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Initialism.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗PROEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From the term pronoun.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗proEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Late Middle English pro, from Latin prō (“on behalf of”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗proEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Clipping of professional.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗proEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
Clipping of prostitute.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗proEnglish (en) · Etymology 4Source text
Clipping of proproctor.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗proEnglish (en) · Etymology 5Source text
Clipping of prophylaxis.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounheadword prefix
prologue
An introductory speech, section, or event; inherited through medieval French and Latin from Greek prologos.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounheadword prefix
proverb
A brief traditional saying or maxim; English received the word through Anglo-French from Latin proverbium.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical-form prefix
person
An individual human being, historically from Latin persōna, whose older semantic field includes theatrical mask, character, and role.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun combining formhistorical form
-logy
A bound English word element used in formations involving discourse or expression and in names of doctrines, theories, sciences, and fields of study.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗onomastic compound elementdossier summary
-rīx
An attested Gaulish second member meaning “king” or “prince,” visible in compound personal names such as Dumnorix and Vercingetorix and inherited from Proto-Celtic *rīx-s.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine noundossier summary
Feind
The modern German noun for a personal, political, military, or ideological enemy or opponent. Duden derives it through Middle High German vīnt or vīant and Old High German fīand, literally the hating one; DWDS dates Old High German fīant and fījant to the eighth century and identifies the Germanic ancestor as a petrified substantivized present participle. Grimm’s dictionary independently compares Gothic fijands, Old English fēond, English fiend, Dutch vijand, and Nordic forms, while warning that its own still-deeper foam hypothesis required confirmation. The reviewed route therefore follows the inherited enemy noun to reconstructed *fi(j)and- and *fi(j)ēn-, then treats *peh₁- as proposed and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine noundossier summary
Freund
German Freund continues Middle High German vriunt and Old High German friunt. DWDS/Pfeifer, Duden, and Grimm independently analyze the inherited Germanic formation as a substantivized present participle of the verb represented by Gothic frijōn and Old English frēogan: historically a loving or favorably disposed one. The record is semantically wider than a modern close companion: the historical dictionaries also document neighbor, relative, lover, ally, supporter, patron, address, and euphemistic uses. The graph joins the High German line to the same reviewed *frijōnd- and *frī- nodes as English friend, keeps *prī- proposed, and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German masculine nouncontrarian claim
Hass
The modern German noun for intense aversion, rejection, or hostility toward a person, group, or institution. Duden traces Middle and Old High German haʒ to suffering, sorrow, and resentment and records the 1996 spelling change from Haß to Hass. DWDS/Pfeifer reports the Old High German noun from the eighth century and places it in the Germanic family of Old Saxon heti, Old English hete, Old Norse hatr, Gothic hatis, and related forms. Grimm’s DWB preserves a more complicated semantic record: hostile pursuit or action, anger expressed in deeds, ordinary hostile disposition, and even measured rivalry during friendly competition. The reviewed route reuses *hatiz- and the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- comparison, then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
adverb
A grammatical class commonly modifying verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, phrases, clauses, or sentences; the English term continues Latin adverbium.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
aguacate
The Spanish word for the avocado tree and fruit, borrowed from Nahuatl āhuacatl, whose historical records include both fruit and testicle senses.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
algebra
A mathematical discipline whose English name travels through Medieval Latin from Arabic al-jabr, restoration or completion.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
algorism
The older English word for calculation with Hindu-Arabic numerals, transmitted through French and Medieval Latin from the name al-Khwārizmī.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Latin / Indo-European
prō-
before, forward, for
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- exact historical form
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
πρό-
pro-before or in front as a prefix
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- exact historical form
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Middle English / Indo-European
prolog
an introduction or prefatory speech
- DATE
- Middle English, 14th century
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
prologue
an introductory speech, section, or preceding event
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Anglo-French / Indo-European
prologue
a prologue or prefatory discourse
- DATE
- Anglo-French period
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
prologus
preface to a play or introductory discourse
- DATE
- Latin antiquity and Late Latin
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
proverb
a brief traditional saying, maxim, or adage
- DATE
- 14th century–today
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
proverbe
proverb, maxim
- DATE
- Middle English, 14th century
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Anglo-French / Indo-European
proverbe
proverb, maxim
- DATE
- Anglo-French before 1400
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
proverbium
proverb, traditional saying
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
πρόλογος
prologosspeech before; portion of a play before the chorus
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
πρός
próstoward; near; at
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 0
0324
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedword prefix
Is *leǵ- the only published deepest root shape?
No. The traditional *leǵ- analysis remains widely represented, while a published *sleǵ- reconstruction challenges the initial consonant.
openprobableword prefix
What exactly did pro- contribute to Latin proverbium?
The pro- plus verbum structure is secure, but the reviewed sources do not force one modern gloss for the prefix’s semantic contribution inside the inherited saying term.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Does the -logue in prologue mean a field of study?
No. Greek prologos is pro- “before” plus logos “speech or discourse”: a speech beforehand. English -logy belongs to the same wider family but is not the component analyzed here.
resolvedestablishedword prefix
Are proverb and pro-verb the same historical word?
No. Proverb, the traditional saying, is recorded from the fourteenth century through Latin proverbium; pro-verb, a grammatical substitute, is separately dated to 1907.
openprobableposition text
Is the exact phonetic shape of *fi(j)and- directly known?
No. The form is a comparative reconstruction. Optional j notation, branch vowels, and the relation of written historical variants require analysis rather than direct Proto-Germanic observation.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest *peh₁- route established?
No. The Germanic verb and lexicalized agent formation are firmer than the proposed Indo-European comparison, whose formal intermediates and semantic unity remain reconstructive.
openprobableposition text
Can the exact Proto-Germanic pronunciation and paradigm be recovered?
Not completely. Comparative forms support the morphology, but no recording or written Proto-Germanic paradigm survives.
openproposedposition text
Does Freund securely descend from exactly *prī-?
The comparison is published on the shared friend-family route but remains proposed and less secure than the Germanic formation.
openprobableposition text
Is the exact Proto-Germanic noun *hatiz- or *hataz?
The noun is reconstructed, and published notation reflects stem alternation and analytical choices. Koch prints *hataz ~ *hatiz- while Merriam-Webster foregrounds *hatiz-.
openprobableposition text
Does Hass securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?
Only as a qualified proposal. Formal correspondence is published, but the semantic chain through grief, care, pain, pursuit, and hatred is not transparent.
openproposedposition text
Do Celtic cais and Greek κῆδος prove that love and hate share one root?
No. They belong to a disputed wider comparison. Middle Irish cais carries a striking love-and-hatred field, but that does not make German Liebe an ancestor or cognate of Hass.
openproposedposition text
Is Choctaw bayuk a securely attested source of bayou?
No. An early Choctaw *bayok is plausible and accepted in a major handbook, but later bayuk is not securely attested and contraction to bók was conjectural.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 99GRADE Aranked-word prefix
A proverb is not a pro-verb.
Proverb the traditional saying reaches English in the fourteenth century through Latin proverbium. Hyphenated pro-verb is a distinct grammatical substitute reported only from 1907.
RANK 167GRADE Aranked-word prefix
A prologue is speech before.
Greek prologos combines pro- “before” with logos “speech or discourse.” The modern general introduction grows from that theatrical structure.
RANK 1GRADE Aranked reveal
A stranger became both guest and enemy.
The reciprocal outsider behind guest and host also became Latin hostis, “enemy.”
RANK 4GRADE Aranked reveal
Humility is an earth-and-lowness metaphor.
Latin humus “ground” produced humilis “low,” then humilitās “lowness,” before the moral virtue.
RANK 7GRADE Acontrarian claim
Nice crossed from ignorance to approval.
Latin nescius “ignorant” became foolish or wanton, then fastidious and precise, and finally pleasant or kind.
RANK 9GRADE Aranked reveal
The most repeated origin story is not the most rigorous answer.
Mapuche ancestry is a serious, evidenced proposal—but current RAE and a historical Spanish argument keep the deeper source genuinely open.
RANK 12GRADE Acontrarian claim
A Turkish word is not proof of who invented the food.
English yogurt is Turkish yoğurt, probably related to yoğur- “knead”; the origin of fermented milk is a different historical question.
RANK 13GRADE Aranked reveal
Legislation came before legislate.
The noun preserves a Latin law-bearing or law-proposing compound. English legislate was later back-formed from the already existing noun family.
RANK 18GRADE Aranked reveal
The famous Gaulish ending is -rīx, not decorative -ix.
Cambridge identifies Gaulish -rix /-rīxs/ “king” inside Dumnorix and Vercingetorix and derives it from Proto-Celtic *rīx-s. The r belongs to the historical element; the exact force of that element still varies across individual names.
RANK 20GRADE Aranked reveal
King is a kin-word, not a royal word.
English king continues Old English cyning and Germanic *kuninga-, built on the kin or lineage base *kunja-. Latin rēx, royal, and regal belong to a different root—and even “leader of the kin” overstates the disputed original Germanic sense.
RANK 21GRADE Aranked reveal
King comes from the kin family; kin does not come from king.
English kin independently continues Old English cynn and Germanic *kunja-. The royal title is a separate suffixed formation on that lineage base, so the shared letters preserve real morphology without making either modern word the parent of the other.
RANK 22GRADE Aranked reveal
Kind is not kin with a d—and kindness did not begin as niceness.
Kind and kin descend through separate Germanic formations and meet only at the deeper birth root. The adjective first carries natural, native, fitting, and proper senses; benevolence becomes prominent through later semantic development.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary12 CLAIM LINKS
Prologue — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗comparative database12 CLAIM LINKS
Proto-Germanic *xatiz, *xatōn-, -ēn- and *xatjan-
StarLing database editors
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary12 CLAIM LINKS
Proverb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary8 CLAIM LINKS
Prologue — Origin and history
Douglas Harper / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary5 CLAIM LINKS
Prosopopeia — American Heritage Dictionary
American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗etymological dictionary88 CLAIM LINKS
Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic — *fi(j)ēn- and *fi(j)and-
Guus Kroonen / 2013
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database42 CLAIM LINKS
Lemma fijan — Gothic dictionary and 42-token candidate inventory
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗research database32 CLAIM LINKS
Lemma fijands — Gothic enemy noun and 26-token candidate inventory
Project Wulfila editors · Wilhelm Streitberg / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗contemporary dictionary27 CLAIM LINKS
Den Danske Ordbog — fjende
Den Danske Ordbogs redaktion
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary22 CLAIM LINKS
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — fjándi, masculine noun
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors / 2010
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary20 CLAIM LINKS
An Icelandic-English Dictionary — FRÆNDI
Richard Cleasby · Guðbrandur Vigfússon / 1874
publisherAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary20 CLAIM LINKS
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine noun
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose editors / 2010
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster source-reported English record
prologue / prologue / 14th century
Prologue — Definition, Word History, and First Known Useattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report for proverb
proverb / proverb / 14th century
Proverb — Definition, Word History, and First Known Useattested-form prefix / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Icelandic homily, Adam as ancestor
frændi / frændi / manuscript dated circa 1200 by ONP
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine nounreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Spakmǽli Prospers: Epigrammata
hatr / hatr / c.1200-1225, source-reported
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose citation — proposed mockery or scorn sense of hatrreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Grágás, friends-or-kin versus enemies formula
frændi / frændi / manuscript dated circa 1250 by ONP
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine nounreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Morkinskinna, friends becoming enemies
frændi / frændi / manuscript dated circa 1275 by ONP
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — frǽndi, masculine nounreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
dairy / dairy / 14th century first known use
Dairy — Definition, Word History, and First Known Usewitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Hirðskrá manuscript record
hatr / hatr / c.1300, source-reported
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose — ¹hatr, masculine analysisreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Árni’s Christian law, GKS 3270 4° variant
fjándi / fjándi / manuscript dated circa 1350 by ONP
Dictionary of Old Norse Prose citation — fjándi in ÁKr 22reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
German Bible enemy proverb
Feind / Feind / 1483
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — feind, m.reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Early New High German proverb record
Haß / hasz / Hass / 1560
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hasz, m.reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Seventeenth-century hidden-enemy proverb
fiende / fiende / 1665
Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDEreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.