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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL4 source sections across 1 headword matching “Mine”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
mineEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Middle English min, myn, from Old English mīn, from Proto-West Germanic *mīn, from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *méynos. Cognate with Saterland Frisian mien, West Frisian myn, Dutch mijn, Low German mien, German mein, Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish min, Faroese and Icelandic mín.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗mineEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Middle English [Term?], from Old French mine, from Late Latin mina, from Gaulish (compare to Welsh mwyn, Irish mianach (“ore”)), from Proto-Celtic *meinis (“ore, metal”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗mineEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Middle English [Term?], from Old French mine, from Late Latin mina, from Gaulish (compare to Welsh mwyn, Irish mianach (“ore”)), from Proto-Celtic *meinis (“ore, metal”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗mineEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
Borrowed from French mine.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Chambers (1908)
1908- MineEnglish · e-38538-8769
Mine, mīn, adj. pron. belonging to me: my. [A.S. mín; Ger. mein.]
Read the full source record → - MineEnglish · e-38538-8770
Mine, mīn, v.i. and v.t. to dig for metals: to excavate: to dig under a wall or building in order to overturn it: to ruin or destroy by secret means.—n. a place from which metals are dug: an excavation dug under a fortif
Read the full source record →
013
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
German masculine nounhistorical form
Feind
The modern German noun for a personal, political, military, or ideological enemy or opponent. Duden derives it through Middle High German vīnt or vīant and Old High German fīand, literally the hating one; DWDS dates Old High German fīant and fījant to the eighth century and identifies the Germanic ancestor as a petrified substantivized present participle. Grimm’s dictionary independently compares Gothic fijands, Old English fēond, English fiend, Dutch vijand, and Nordic forms, while warning that its own still-deeper foam hypothesis required confirmation. The reviewed route therefore follows the inherited enemy noun to reconstructed *fi(j)and- and *fi(j)ēn-, then treats *peh₁- as proposed and stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbdossier summary
calculate
To determine mathematically or estimate, borrowed from a Latin family built around counting with pebbles.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbhistorical form
king
An inherited English title continuing Old English cyning and reconstructed Germanic *kuninga-, a formation built on the Germanic kin or lineage base.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗023
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
German / Indo-European
Feind
enemy, adversary, hostile power, enemy force, or determined opponent
- DATE
- German spelling attested in 1483; modern standard headword
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
calculate
to compute, determine, estimate, or plan
- DATE
- 1542–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
king
a monarch; by extension a preeminent person, game piece, card, or crowned checker
- DATE
- before the 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
039
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 8
openprobableposition text
Does the Luke lexical swap resolve the remaining 21 noun-participle candidates?
No. Luke 1:71 and 6:27 show that fijan and hatan can exchange the work of enemies and those hating, but those two contextual alignments do not determine every other fijand- token.
openprobableposition text
Does Galatians 5:20 prove hatis always meant explosive anger?
No single verse can establish an invariant meaning. Galatians aligns plural hatiza with Greek thumoi, while other biblical contexts use orgē and Ephesians 4:31 does not permit a clean one-to-one choice. The exact semantic center of ordinary Gothic remains underdetermined by translation texts.
openproposedposition text
Are Germanic hate words unquestionably cognate with κῆδος?
No. The formal comparison is prominent enough to traverse, but the sources explicitly qualify the semantic path and do not recover one shared original sense.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does every modern Feind literally mean one who hates?
No. The participial source is historical morphology. Modern Duden senses include personal enemy, hostile power or force, and a determined opponent of something without requiring a recoverable emotion in every token.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the etymology prove that every enemy truly hates?
No. Historical word formation does not determine the psychology of every referent. The corpus includes singular, plural, religious, military, and collective opponents.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do the chess, card, and supremacy senses reveal the original meaning of king?
No. The inherited ruler title is older; the game-piece and preeminence senses are semantic extensions documented in the modern entry.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did nice originally mean pleasant?
No. Merriam-Webster reports early foolish, wanton, silly, and simple senses; pleasant or agreeable becomes prominent much later.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did trust begin as a legal property arrangement?
No. The historical noun centers on confidence and reliance; legal trust is one later semantic institution within the word’s wider range.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 1
RANK 22GRADE Aranked reveal
Kind is not kin with a d—and kindness did not begin as niceness.
Kind and kin descend through separate Germanic formations and meet only at the deeper birth root. The adjective first carries natural, native, fitting, and proper senses; benevolence becomes prominent through later semantic development.
042
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
institutional vocabulary5 CLAIM LINKS
Yatichaña aru pirwa: Vocabulario pedagógico aimara
Ministerio de Educación del Perú / 2020
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗institutional vocabulary3 CLAIM LINKS
Yachachinapaq shimikuna — chawpin qichwa: Vocabulario pedagógico quechua central
Ministerio de Educación del Perú / 2020
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗053
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Old Dutch Willeram, plural friends addressed
friunt / vriend / circa 1100, source-reported
Etymologisch Woordenboek van het Nederlands — vriendwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 55:10
fīunt / fīunt / 901–1000; surviving copy 1595–1605
Oudnederlands Woordenboek — fīuntwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Middle Franconian rhymed text, recension A
fīunt / fīunt / 1151–1200
Oudnederlands Woordenboek — fīuntwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.