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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL4 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Hough”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
HoughEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
* English surname, from Old English hōh (“spur of land”). Compare Howe, Howes. * As an Irish surname, variant of Haugh.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗houghEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Middle English hough, houȝ, hoch, howghe, from Old English hōh (“heel, hough”), from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄h, from Proto-Germanic *hanhaz (“heel”). Doublet of hoo. The regular modern English development would be /hʌf/, /haʊ/; this has been replaced by /hɒk/, originating in the compound huxen (also *hoxen), from Old English hōhsinu.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗houghEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
See hoe (“agricultural tool”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗houghEnglish (en) · Etymology 3Source text
From Middle English ho, howe, hogh, from Old English hōh (“a promontory”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →013
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
Old Saxon masculine i-stem nouncontrarian claim
heti
Old Saxon heti is an attested noun, not a reconstructed Proto-Germanic form. Köbler prints the normalized citation form hėti* with a trailing asterisk, then gives three cited lexical loci whose inflections produce five witness readings: accusative singular heti at Heliand 1322 in manuscripts M, C, and V; dative singular heti at Genesis 60; and genitive singular hetias in the tenth-century Saxon Confession. No nominative singular appears in that inventory, but the exact surface heti is visibly written in Munich Cgm 25. The directly inspected Heliand line places the noun in the Beatitudes, where righteous people endure rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi, powerful men's hostility or persecution and hostile speech. The Saxon Confession instead places hetias beside malice, envy, and slander among confessed wrongs. Those contexts establish a range broader than one private feeling without proving that persecution was the prehistoric root meaning. Fulk and Köbler analyze the Old Saxon comparison as an i-stem; Pfeifer describes the wider Germanic noun as an old es/os-stem, so the inherited morphological account remains public rather than falsely harmonized.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
intellect
The power or capacity of knowing and reasoning, inherited from Latin intellectus and intellegere.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
muscle
A body tissue or organ whose English name descends through French from Latin musculus, a diminutive of mūs “mouse.”
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗020
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
No reviewed record in this collection contains “hough.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
039
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 7
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was an etymologist an ancient Greek professional title?
No. The English agent noun is reported only from the Early Modern period, though its base ultimately contains Greek material.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was the ordinary friend sense completely absent in Old Norse?
No. ONP explicitly structures a friend sense and a foster-brother or companion sense, even though historical dictionaries emphasize the dominance of kinsman.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was Old Saxon heti an i-stem noun?
Köbler classifies it as masculine strong i-stem, and Fulk directly calls Old Saxon heti an i-stem in comparison with Gothic hatis.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is hetzen simply the German verb for hate?
No as a synchronic definition, though the histories are related. Modern Duden distinguishes chase, hurry, and incitement senses; etymological sources connect the formation with Hass or hassen and the broader Germanic hate family.
resolvedprobableposition text
Are the chase, hurry, and incitement senses separate homonyms?
The reviewed dictionaries treat them as senses of one inherited verb. The semantic bridge from making quarry or people move under pressure to hurrying and inciting is historically plausible, though the dossier does not invent exact dates for every transition.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is man derived from the Indo-European think root?
Not in the reviewed American Heritage analysis. It publishes man-¹, human being, separately from men-¹, to think.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did royal and regal enter English through one identical route?
No. Both descend from Latin rēgālis, but royal crosses through Anglo-French roial or real while regal has Old French, Anglo-French, and direct-Latin transmission reported by different authorities.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 2
RANK 49GRADE Acontrarian claim
The token is attested even though the dictionary headword wears an asterisk.
Köbler heads the Old Saxon noun hėti* but lists written accusative and dative heti plus genitive hetias beneath it. The exact Munich Heliand token is directly visible in the clause rîkioro manno heti endi harmquidi. The dictionary count three also hides a second distinction: it means three lexical loci, while Heliand 1322 survives with M, C, and V readings, producing five reported witness readings across the dossier. The star therefore belongs to an editorial headword layer; it does not erase the attested surface or turn Old Saxon into Proto-Germanic. The visible Heliand context is endured hostility or persecution, while the Saxon Confession groups hetias with malice, envy, and slander. Even the inherited grammar stays open: Fulk and Köbler use an i-stem analysis, whereas Pfeifer calls the wider noun an old es/os-stem.
RANK 88GRADE Aranked reveal
Mussel and muscle were once spelling twins.
Middle English could spell the shellfish muscle. The shellfish and anatomical words ultimately belong to Latin’s mouse-derived musculus family, though the naming resemblance itself is not fully recoverable.
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BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
050
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “hough.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
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