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THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Err”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
errEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Middle English erren, from Old French errer (“to wander, err, mistake”), from Latin errō (“wander, stray, err, mistake”, verb), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ers- (“to be angry, lose one's temper”). Cognate with Old English eorre, ierre (“anger, wrath, ire”), Old English iersian (“to be angry with, rage, irritate, provoke”), Old English ierre (“wandering, gone astray, confused”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →0110
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nouncontrarian claim
calculus
A mathematical system, a method of reasoning, or a bodily stone; borrowed from a Latin word for a pebble used in counting.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
etymological
Of, relating to, or based on etymology; an Early Modern English adjective whose exact formation is described differently by major historical dictionaries.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
hammock
The suspended-bed sense entered English through Spanish hamaca from Taíno hamaca; it is etymologically separate from the southern U.S. terrain word hammock.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Gothic neuter noundossier summary
hatis
A Gothic noun conventionally glossed hate, hatred, anger, or wrath. Project Wulfila reports fifteen corpus tokens in three surface forms: hatis, hatiza, and hatize. Its fourteen biblical tokens translate Greek wrath vocabulary rather than supplying a clean mirror of modern personal dislike: Streitberg maps the family chiefly to orgē, assigns Galatians 5:20 to thumos, and leaves Ephesians 4:31 unresolved because both Greek nouns stand together. The visible Gothic paradigm is also historical evidence: Project Wulfila treats hatis as a neuter a-stem, while Fulk analyzes it as an inherited i-stem transferred to the a-stems.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Norse noun, chiefly neutercontrarian claim
hatr
An Old Norse noun for hatred, enmity, or spite. The University of Copenhagen Dictionary of Old Norse Prose gives the main neuter entry 54 citations, while a separately analyzed masculine entry has only one citation and is flagged as possibly an elementary error. The neuter corpus also contains one cautiously proposed mockery or scorn sense aligned with Latin irrisio. A c.1150-1200 manuscript visibly preserves Hatr in a line ONP transcribes Hatr hafa þeir engla and aligns with Latin Odium. The reviewed ancestry joins the Germanic *hatiz- family, preserves the disputed *ḱh₂d-es- and *ḱeh₂d- comparison, and then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗German weak verbcontrarian claim
hetzen
A German weak verb whose modern senses range from driving or hunting quarry, through hurrying, to inciting hostility. The medieval record centers on setting dogs after game and already extends the action to turning people against one another. Comparative sources connect the verb with Old English hettan and Gothic hatjan, but the Old High German bridge and the exact prehistoric formation remain editorially disputed.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
hospital
A medical institution whose name first referred to guest accommodation and charitable lodging, through Medieval Latin hospitāle.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
liufs
The normalized Gothic adjective meaning dear or beloved, preserved through inflected manuscript forms including liuba and liubans.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
mouse
The inherited English name of the small rodent, continued from Old English mūs and the reconstructed Indo-European *mūs- family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
robot
A programmable or autonomous machine, named in English through Karel Čapek's R.U.R. from Czech robota, compulsory labor.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗023
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*h₃órbʰos
person or property transferred; bereaved person, orphan, or dependent
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European prehistory
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
ferre
to bear, carry, bring, report, or propose
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Present-Day English / Indo-European
mouse
a small rodent; later many transferred senses
- DATE
- before the 12th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0319
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableposition text
Is the exact Proto-Germanic noun *hatiz- or *hataz?
The noun is reconstructed, and published notation reflects stem alternation and analytical choices. Koch prints *hataz ~ *hatiz- while Merriam-Webster foregrounds *hatiz-.
openprobableposition text
Does the English record begin in the 13th or 14th century?
The reviewed reports differ. Etymonline gives an early-thirteenth-century algorism; Merriam-Webster gives a fourteenth-century first-known-use horizon.
openprobableposition text
Did English algorism arrive through French or directly from Medieval Latin?
The sources preserve both channels. Merriam-Webster names Middle French and Medieval Latin; Etymonline emphasizes Old French from Medieval Latin.
openprobableposition text
Does the English record begin in the 13th or 15th century?
The reviewed source reports differ. Etymonline gives mid-thirteenth-century arsmetike; Merriam-Webster gives a fifteenth-century first-known-use horizon.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest counting root *h₂rei- or *erei-dhmo- from *re-?
The references use different levels and notations: Merriam-Webster derives the Greek base through *h₂rei-, while Etymonline prints an expanded *erei-dhmo- formation tied to *re-.
openproposedposition text
Does calculator securely descend beyond Latin calculus to calx?
The calculator-to-calculare-to-calculus chain is established, but the traditional calculus-to-calx derivation is proposed. A possible shared Mediterranean substrate source remains a competing route.
openproposedposition text
Is the deepest brightness root *kand- or *(s)kend-?
The graph preserves both published analyses. The newer Merriam-Webster route uses *(s)kend- and explains candēre through a zero-grade stative formation; the prior *kand- route remains proposed.
openprobableposition text
Did English borrow candor only through French?
French candeur is a published route, while Merriam-Webster describes the English borrowing as French and Latin. Direct learned Latin influence therefore remains visible.
openprobableposition text
Did English chai come from one identifiable donor language?
The modern culinary sense strongly points toward South Asian usage, but Merriam-Webster lists Turkish, Russian, Persian, Hindi, and Urdu source forms without selecting one unique donor.
openprobableposition text
Did Arabic šāh pass directly into French?
The Arabic source is well supported, but Merriam-Webster leaves direct borrowing versus mediation through Spanish jaque unresolved.
openprobableposition text
Does checkmate literally mean the king is dead?
That is a longstanding Arabic analysis, but Merriam-Webster and Encyclopaedia Iranica favor a Persian loan meaning left, helpless, broken, or paralyzed.
openproposedposition text
Does chess descend through šāh or through šatranj?
Merriam-Webster routes the French forms through the king-call šāh; Encyclopaedia Iranica groups English chess with descendants of the Indian-Persian-Arabic game-name caturaṅga / čatrang / šatranj.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 7
RANK 16GRADE Aranked reveal
Humiliation is evidenced in English before humiliate.
Chaucer’s Middle English humiliacioun occurs in a humility passage; Merriam-Webster reports the English verb humiliate only circa 1534. Christian Latin and French preserve lowering, abasement, mortification, and self-humbling before current definitions center degradation, disgrace, and shame.
RANK 27GRADE Aranked reveal
The Old English verb survives most visibly as an enemy.
The located weak-verb corpus inventory gives hettan only one form: hettende. Bosworth–Toller records that surface family repeatedly under hettend, “enemy” or “antagonist,” including Genesis and the Phoenix. The verb is therefore not a neat recovered paradigm; it is a lemma inferred at the edge between action, agent, and lexicalized foe.
RANK 51GRADE Aranked reveal
Care, grief, funerals, and in-laws occupy one Greek noun—but hate does not secretly mean care.
LSJ's κῆδος entry moves through care and concern, anxiety and grief, troubles, mourning and funeral rites, an object of care, and connection by marriage. Homeric κήδεʼ can be many-troubled woes; Aeschylus can make Helen an object of care while playing on marriage affinity. Comparative sources then place the noun beside Celtic and Germanic hatred words under *ḱh₂d-es- and *ḱeh₂d-. The reveal is not a mystical reversal in which hate “really” means care. Merriam-Webster calls the semantic relations far from transparent, Liberman challenges the wider family's unity, and the Greek evidence itself resists a single linear story.
RANK 59GRADE A-ranked reveal
Old Norse hatr has a 54-to-1 grammar problem.
The University of Copenhagen’s Dictionary of Old Norse Prose separates a 54-citation neuter noun from a one-citation masculine analysis—and flags the lone masculine assignment as possibly an elementary error. A directly inspected c.1150-1200 manuscript visibly preserves Hatr, but a visible token cannot settle gender by itself. The reveal is not that Old Norse had two equally secure hate nouns; it is that rigorous lexicography preserves the fracture instead of hiding it.
RANK 158GRADE Aranked reveal
A starred Gothic lemma can still be manuscript-attested.
Project Wulfila writes *liufs because the normalized citation form is inferred from inflections. Forms such as liuba and liubans survive in named codices, so this is not the same kind of star as Proto-Germanic *leubaz.
RANK 164GRADE Aranked reveal
The bed word is Indigenous Caribbean—and its English look-alike is unrelated.
Hammock came through Spanish hamaca from Taíno hamaca. The southern U.S. terrain noun has a separate etymology.
RANK 211GRADE A−ranked reveal
Higher mathematics began with a pebble.
Latin calculus named a counting-board pebble and a calculation. Its deeper stone ancestry is still disputed between a limestone derivation and a possible shared Mediterranean substrate source.
0412
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary102 CLAIM LINKS
Hate — definition, etymology, and first known use
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗editorial reference29 CLAIM LINKS
Had a Long Day of Travel? Check Into a Hospital
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2017
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary25 CLAIM LINKS
Check — Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary23 CLAIM LINKS
Science — Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary22 CLAIM LINKS
Guest — Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary21 CLAIM LINKS
Calculus — Word History and Etymology Note
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary20 CLAIM LINKS
Wife — Definition and Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary17 CLAIM LINKS
Checkmate — Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary16 CLAIM LINKS
Dairy — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary16 CLAIM LINKS
Host — Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
Chai — Definition and Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical dictionary14 CLAIM LINKS
Dialogue — Definition, Word History, and First Known Use
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
author or editorAUDIT EVERY USE ↗0512
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
bride / bride / before the 12th century
Bride — Definition, Word History, and First Known Usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for king
king / king / before the 12th century
King — definition, etymology, and first known usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for kin
kin / kin / before the 12th century
Kin — definition, etymology, and first known usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for kind as a noun
kind / kind / before the 12th century
Kind — definition, etymology, and first known usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for kindred as a noun
kindred / kindred / before the 12th century
Kindred — definition, etymology, and first known usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Merriam-Webster report of kynrædan
cynræden / cynrēde / kindred / late Old English, unique inflected form
Kindred — definition, etymology, and first known usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hate as a verb
hate / hate / before the 12th century
Hate — definition, etymology, and first known usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record
lagu / law / before the 12th century
Law — Word Historyreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record
sealt / salt / before the 12th century
Salt — Definition, Word History, and First Known Usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster source-reported Old English record
lecgan / lay / before the 12th century
Lay — Definition, Word History, and First Known Usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for hate as a noun
hate / hate / 12th century
Hate — definition, etymology, and first known usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use report
feign / feign / 13th century first known use
Feign — Definition, Word History, and First Known Usereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.