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START / NODE 928Present-Day Englishbefore the 12th century–today
dough
A kneadable flour mixture; inherited from Old English dāg through a Germanic formation on the Indo-European form-and-build root.
“Dough and lady are deep lexical cousins. The dough noun and lady’s kneading component follow different Germanic formations back to *dheigh-, to form or build.”OPEN COMPLETE WORD DOSSIER ↗
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FOLLOW EVERY BRANCH.
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01
PARENT ROUTES1 REVIEWED RELATIONSHIP
Present-Day Englishdough
a kneadable flour-and-liquid mixture
↑GO DEEPER
Middle English · Middle Englishdoghdough
- SOUND CHANGE
- Middle English dogh develops into modern dough with later spelling stabilization while the inherited vowel history produces /oʊ/.
- SEMANTIC CHANGE
- The kneadable flour mass remains the lexical center; money is a later slang extension.
- SCHOLAR
- Merriam-Webster Editors · American Heritage Dictionary Editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
- CHRONOLOGY
- Recorded before the twelfth century in English.
2 CITATIONSDough — Definition, Word History, and First Known UseEtymology and First Known Use Dough — American Heritage DictionaryMiddle English dogh from Old English dāg AUDIT CANONICAL EDGE 926 ↗
Publishes the Middle English forms and pre-twelfth-century horizon.
ORIGINAL ↗Independently confirms the inherited English history.
ORIGINAL ↗THE ASTERISK IS A PROMISE
RECONSTRUCTION IS
NOT INSCRIPTION.
Crossing into a starred form changes the evidence class. The interface marks that crossing, preserves confidence, and never manufactures the next root to make the picture look complete.