*SET-U

CANONICAL LANGUAGE GRAPH

TRACE A WORD ↗
NODE / 0145reconstructedProto-Germanic

*gastiz

guest or stranger

DATE
Proto-Germanic prehistory
SENSE
reciprocal outsider
FAMILY
Indo-European / Germanic
CANONICAL KEY
node:5:gastiz:reconstructed:sense:reciprocal-outsider

AHD writes *gastiz; Merriam-Webster gives Germanic *gasti-.

*

This form is reconstructed by comparison. It is not directly attested in this exact written form.

01

ANCESTRAL EDGES

ROOT OF THIS ROOT

1
GO DEEPERinheritanceprobable
Proto-Indo-European · Proto-Indo-European prehistory · reciprocal outsider

*ghos-ti-

stranger, guest, host; person with reciprocal duties of hospitality

SOUND
Germanic *gastiz continues *ghos-ti-, with the Germanic reflex showing the inherited consonant and vowel developments represented across the cognate set.
MEANING
A reciprocal outsider or stranger specializes as the guest.
SCHOLAR
Merriam-Webster · American Heritage Indo-European Roots · University of Texas LRC
CONFIDENCE
probable — The Indo-European form is reconstructed from a geographically limited set of branches.
Guest — Word Historysupportsdialectal Indo-European *ghost-i-ORIGINAL ↗
Indo-European Root ghos-ti-supportsghos-ti- rootORIGINAL ↗
Indo-European Lexicon: ghosti-ssupportsPokorny ghosti-sORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 128 ↗
02

DIRECT DESCENDANT EDGES

THE NEXT HISTORICAL STEP

1
DESCENDANTinheritanceprobable
Old English · Old English · guest role

giest / gyst / gest / gæst

guest or stranger

SOUND
Old English guest forms continue reconstructed Germanic *gastiz / *gasti-, alongside Old Saxon and Old High German gast, Old Norse gestr, and Gothic gasts.
MEANING
The Germanic family preserves guest and stranger senses.
SCHOLAR
Merriam-Webster · American Heritage · University of Texas LRC
CONFIDENCE
probable — The Proto-Germanic form is reconstructed and notation varies slightly by source.
Guest — Word HistorysupportsGermanic *gasti- and cognatesORIGINAL ↗
Indo-European Root ghos-ti-supportsGermanic *gastizORIGINAL ↗
Indo-European Lexicon: ghosti-ssupportsGermanic reflexesORIGINAL ↗
OPEN CANONICAL EDGE 127 ↗
03

TRANSITIVE DESCENDANT CLOSURE

EVERY REVIEWED BRANCH FROM HERE

3

This is the complete downstream closure currently supported by the canonical graph. Every displayed step is a real reviewed edge with its own sound claim, meaning claim, scholar, confidence, and citations.

UNIQUE DESCENDANT NODES
3
REVIEWED EDGES
3
DEEPEST PATH
3
MODERN DOSSIERS REACHED
1
guest3 connected nodes
HISTORICAL STEP 011 EDGE
STEP 01inheritanceprobable
Proto-Germanic*gastiz→Old English · Old Englishgiest / gyst / gest / gæstguest or stranger
SOUND
Old English guest forms continue reconstructed Germanic *gastiz / *gasti-, alongside Old Saxon and Old High German gast, Old Norse gestr, and Gothic gasts.
MEANING
The Germanic family preserves guest and stranger senses.
Merriam-Webster · American Heritage · University of Texas LRC3 CITATIONSEDGE 127 ↗
Guest — Word History · Germanic *gasti- and cognates ↗Indo-European Root ghos-ti- · Germanic *gastiz ↗Indo-European Lexicon: ghosti-s · Germanic reflexes ↗
HISTORICAL STEP 021 EDGE
HISTORICAL STEP 031 EDGE
STEP 03continuationestablished
Middle Englishgest / gyst / gust / gist→Present-Day English · 13th century–todayguesta person receiving hospitality; a visitor
SOUND
Middle English gest and related variants developed into modern guest; the modern spelling distinguishes the hard initial consonant without changing the inherited base.
MEANING
The visitor receiving hospitality remained the central sense.
Merriam-Webster editors1 CITATIONEDGE 125 ↗
Guest — Word History · Etymology and First Known Use ↗

“Every” means every descendant in the reviewed SET-U graph. It does not convert missing scholarship or missing ingestion into a claim of historical completeness. The coverage ledger remains the honest denominator.

04

RECORDED EVIDENCE

ATTESTATIONS / FIRST KNOWN USE

0
NO RECORDED WITNESS ATTACHED.

That is expected for a reconstructed form: the node is inferred from comparison, not quoted from a surviving occurrence.

05

EDITORIAL REUSE

WORD DOSSIERS USING THIS NODE

1
04guest*gastiz · established