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THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
verb, adjectiveexact headword
select
To choose or mark out from a group, borrowed from Latin selectus and seligere, literally gathering apart.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Middle Irish noundossier summary
cais
eDIL separates two Irish headwords written cais. The first, also recorded as caise, is explicitly explained both as love and as hate; its cited passages and glossary equations range from searc and grádh "love" to miscais and mioscais "hatred", with context deciding individual readings. One Éigse line is tentatively translated so that the same visible form occurs on both sides: "my love ... is met by hatred(?)". The question mark matters. The second eDIL headword cais means "eye" and is excluded from this semantic lineage. These records establish a remarkable lexicographic opposition, not one timeless essence, a chronology from love to hate, or proof that every occurrence belongs to one historically indivisible sense. John T. Koch compares the noun with Proto-Celtic *katsi- < *kad-t/si- and a wider *kad- family, but that ancestry and its proposed Germanic comparison remain open. eDIL itself generally supplies etymologies only selectively. No manuscript pixels were directly inspected, no earliest-use or historical-frequency claim is made, and no exact pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
calculator
A person or device that calculates, inherited from a medieval human-reckoner word and the Latin counting-pebble family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
calculus
A mathematical system, a method of reasoning, or a bodily stone; borrowed from a Latin word for a pebble used in counting.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
candidate
A person seeking selection or office; ultimately the Roman office-seeker dressed in a bright white toga.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · noun · adjectivehistorical form
collect
To bring together, accumulate, infer, or receive; from Latin colligere, literally built with a together-prefix and legere.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbhistorical form
decimate
To destroy or reduce drastically; borrowed from a Latin verb built on “tenth” and first used in English for killing every tenth member of a group.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
intellect
The power or capacity of knowing and reasoning, inherited from Latin intellectus and intellegere.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
intelligence
Capacity for understanding, information, or the organizations that gather it; inherited through French from Latin intelligentia.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivehistorical form
intelligent
Having or showing understanding, judgment, or mental capacity; borrowed from the Latin participle of intellegere.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbhistorical form
lecture
A formal instructional talk, named through a Latin lineage whose central action was reading.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
legend
A traditional story or explanatory inscription, descended from Latin “things to be read.”
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗028
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Present-Day English / Indo-European
select
to choose from a group; chosen for value or fitness
- DATE
- 1565–today
- MATCH
- exact historical form
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
selectus
selected, chosen
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- historical-form prefix
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
candidate
a person seeking office, selection, or appointment
- DATE
- c. 1600–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
decimāre
take a tenth; select every tenth person, including for punishment
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Latin / Indo-European
legere
to gather, select, choose; to read
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 9
Latin / Indo-European
seligere
to select or choose apart
- DATE
- Latin antiquity
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Beyond secure reconstruction
UNKNOWN
No single deeper ancestor is selected for the traditional calx analysis.
- DATE
- before the disputed Latin stone route
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Beyond secure reconstruction
UNKNOWN
No single deeper ancestor is selected beyond the disputed calculus and calx analysis.
- DATE
- before the disputed Latin stone route
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0316
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
resolvedestablishedexact word
Is select descended from English lecture or lesson?
No. The English words are cousins. Select comes from Latin selectus and seligere; lecture and lesson take other Latin formations that independently reach legere.
openprobableposition text
Did English chai come from one identifiable donor language?
The modern culinary sense strongly points toward South Asian usage, but Merriam-Webster lists Turkish, Russian, Persian, Hindi, and Urdu source forms without selecting one unique donor.
openprobableposition text
Does intelligence literally mean “choosing between”?
The Latin form is traditionally analyzed through inter- and legere, and selection or discernment informs the semantic history. A literal gloss is not a complete account of cognition.
openprobableposition text
Does the root prove that reading is “gathering letters”?
No. Latin legere covers gathering, selecting, and reading, but the precise semantic steps cannot be recovered from a slogan alone.
openprobableposition text
What exactly resembled a mouse?
The naming may refer to the shape of a muscle, a tendon, or movement visible beneath the skin; the reviewed sources do not select one mechanism as secure.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does eDIL make the deep etymology settled?
No. eDIL says it is generally not an etymological dictionary and supplies etymologies selectively. The deeper graph route therefore rests on separately cited comparative scholarship.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do the displayed citations measure how often speakers used love versus hate?
No. They are a selected historical-dictionary evidence surface, not a balanced corpus or a sample of medieval speech.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is collect really com- plus legere?
Yes. Latin colligere contains the assimilated together-prefix com- / col- and legere “gather, select.”
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does Gothic hatis simply mean the modern emotion hate?
No. Hatred remains a legitimate dictionary gloss, but the surviving biblical tokens do different translation work: Streitberg maps the noun chiefly to Greek orgē, maps Galatians 5:20 to thumos, and flags Ephesians 4:31 because both Greek wrath nouns are adjacent.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was Munich hotean directly inspected?
Yes. Cgm 25 scan 152 visibly preserves hotean in the phrase thurh hotean hugi.
resolvedprobableposition text
Does intellect literally mean “choosing between”?
The morphology of intellegere is traditionally analyzed through inter- and legere, and selection informs the semantic history. That slogan is not a complete theory of cognition.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did lesson originally mean a spoken class?
Its secure ancestry points first to reading: Anglo-French leçon and Late Latin lectio, an act or selection of reading from legere. Instruction and learned-experience senses develop from that base.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 4
RANK 208GRADE A-exact ranked word
To select is to gather apart.
Latin seligere combines se- “apart” with legere “gather, select.” The same gathering verb sits behind lecture, lesson, legend, and collect.
RANK 197GRADE A−ranked reveal
Legible belongs to gathering and reading.
Late Latin legibilis means able to be read and comes from legere, the Latin gather, select, and read family.
RANK 209GRADE A−contrarian claim
Intellect belongs to the gather-and-select family.
Latin morphology connects understanding with inter- and legere, the gather, select, and read family—but the historical pieces are not a complete theory of cognition.
RANK 214GRADE A−contrarian claim
Intelligence belongs to the gather-and-select family.
Latin morphology links discernment to inter- plus legere—but the root is not a theory of mind.
043
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
historical dictionary10 CLAIM LINKS
Select — Definition and Word History
Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
title prefixAUDIT EVERY USE ↗historical grammar15 CLAIM LINKS
A Gothic Grammar with Selections for Reading and a Glossary — hatan and hatjan
Wilhelm Braune · translated and edited by Gerhard H. Balg / 1895
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗digital corpus2 CLAIM LINKS
English prose works of Richard Rolle: a selection
Carl Horstman, editor · Middle English Compendium Editors / 1896
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗055
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
DIRECTLY INSPECTEDprinted book
John Harris’s NOTES in Musick entry describes a fixed group of six select syllables formerly used to distinguish degrees of sound.
select / select / 1704
Lexicon technicum: or, an universal English dictionary of arts and sciencesexact attested form / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexicographic first use
Merriam-Webster first-known-use record for select
select / select / First known adjective use reported as 1565
Select — Definition and Word Historyexact attested form / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Corpus Hedendaags Nederlands selection
vijand / vijand / 2017 corpus example
Algemeen Nederlands Woordenboek — vijand, grammar and corpus examplesreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
English prose works of Richard Rolle, selected edition
hatrede / hatreden / hateredyn / hatred / Middle English text, edition page 65
English prose works of Richard Rolle: a selectionreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus
English prose works of Richard Rolle, selected edition
hatrede / hatreden / hateredyn / hatred / Middle English text, edition page 88
English prose works of Richard Rolle: a selectionreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.