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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCALNo exact match for “-te” in this partial English subset. That does not mean the full research corpus—or linguistic scholarship—has no record. Check the original dictionary entry ↗
INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
This word is outside the curated dossier collection. Here is the dictionary’s etymology, with its language and revision preserved. These claims have not yet passed *SET-U’s graph review.
Inherited from Middle Dutch -ede , from Old Dutch -itha , from Proto-West Germanic * -iþu , from Proto-Germanic * -iþō , from Proto-Indo-European * -teh₂ .
Middle Dutch -ede was shortened to -de in late Middle Dutch, and the suffix was devoiced to -te according to the 't kofschip rule. This voiceless variety was then taken to be the suffix proper and the voiced variety gradually fell out of use.
Attested since the 11th century, from Old French -te , from Latin -ita , the feminine of the past participle ending -itus .
From Middle High German -te , -ete , from a merger of several Old High German conjugations.
From Middle Low German and Middle Dutch -te , from Proto-Germanic * -iþō , whence also inherited but equally rare German -de .
From Old French -te , -tet , from Latin -tās, -tātem ; compare -ite .
From Old English -te , the first‐ and third‐person singular past tense ending of certain class 1 weak verbs (typically those with stems ending in a voiceless consonant). It also frequently arises from the devoicing of the past tense ending -de (syncopated from -ede , typically following sonorant consonants).
Inherited from Old Norse -ti ( “ weak-verb simple-past ending ” ) , the voiceless allomorph of -ði ( “ weak-verb simple-past ending ” ) , containing the Germanic dental preterite marker.
Compare Norwegian Nynorsk -te , Danish -te and Swedish -te ( “ weak-verb simple-past ending ” ) .
Inherited from Old Norse -ti ( “ ordinal-forming suffix ” ) , occurring in inherited ordinal forms such as fimti ( “ fifth ” ) , sétti ( “ sixth ” ) , ellifti ( “ eleventh ” ) and tolfti ( “ twelfth ” ) , ultimately reflecting a Proto-Germanic ordinal suffix * -tô .
Compare Norwegian Nynorsk -te , Danish -te and Swedish -te ( “ ordinal-forming suffix ” ) .
Read the complete entry and references ↗ · Contribute a cited dossier
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
Based on ten or tenths; borrowed through French and Medieval Latin from the Latin family of decem, “ten.”
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Norse fjá was a verb meaning to hate. The Dictionary of Old Norse Prose classifies it as poetic and exposes zero prose citations; its glossarium links point to the early form fía and the reconstructed Proto-Germanic *fi(j)ēn-. Cleasby and Vigfússon call the verb obsolete, compare Gothic fijan and Old English feon or fjan, and locate it in Hýmiskviða 22 and Lokasenna 35, with the reflexive fjásk in Skírnismál 33. Fritzner independently gives the same three locations. The normalized verse texts preserve three different grammatical surfaces: goð fjá in Hýmiskviða, mangi fíár in Lokasenna, and Freyr fiásk in Skírnismál. Lexicon Poeticum likewise reports three poetic records, but explicitly warns that its concordance is unreviewed and that dates should be checked. These are source-reported lexical and edited-text records, not directly inspected manuscript objects, and three records in the reviewed poetic concordance are not a census of every Old Norse utterance. The finite verb became a tiny poetic fossil while its inherited participial relative fjándi became the ordinary enemy noun and accumulated 222 citations in ONP's prose corpus. Those corpus totals are not directly frequency-comparable, but the contrast makes the grammatical survival visible. The generated possible runic inscription shown by modern dictionary transcriptions is not historical evidence and is excluded. No historical sound recording exists, so the dossier does not fabricate one exact pronunciation.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old High German fīēn—printed fîên in the Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch—was a weak verb meaning to hate, not love, be hostile to, detest, or reject. The official dictionary says it is attested only in Alemannic manuscripts of the eighth and ninth centuries, then inventories an infinitive fien, present participle fiendi, second-person singular preterite fietos, and accusative plural masculine past participle fieta. Three rule-text records concern hating discipline, one’s own will, or no person; gloss records align the participial forms with Latin exosus or exosos; and an Esther gloss aligns fien with detestari. These are source-reported edition and dictionary records, not directly inspected manuscript objects, and the broad manuscript horizon does not identify one exact first token. A separate twelfth-century article printed fien [sic] with the gloss ubere is explicitly left uninterpreted by the dictionary and is not merged into this hate verb. Beside the verb, Old High German had the already lexicalized enemy noun fīant, whose old participial character could still shine through in fixed phrases. The graph therefore shows a living daughter verb beside a grammatical fossil without pretending that either attested form is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic word itself. No historical sound recording exists and the dossier does not display a fabricated phonetic certainty.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
Not established. The translation belongs to a fourth-century tradition, the surviving codex is early sixth century, and no complete lost-text or spoken-language archive exists.
No. This review inspected the ONW article and its expanded source-reported records, not the Wachtendonck Psalms copies, Leiden Willeram codex, Groningen gloss object, or rhymed-text witnesses.
No. This review inspected the official dictionary article, not the manuscripts behind its gloss and rule-text references.
No. Corpus Oudfries is a surviving-text corpus dominated by legal and related manuscripts, not a random sample or recording of spoken frequency.
No. It is the Greek source-text form translated by the Gothic verb in John 7:23. Translation equivalence is contextual evidence, not lexical descent or borrowing.
English began with the tenth-member punishment sense, then broadened the word within decades. Etymology records change; it does not veto it.
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
Östen Dahl / 2013
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart / 2014
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗H. C. Petersen / 1987
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗Daniel Balland and Marcel Bazin / 2013
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗Skaldic Project editors
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗Skaldic Project editors
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗Merriam-Webster Editors / 2026
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗American Heritage Dictionary Editors / 2022
source titleAUDIT EVERY USE ↗FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
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