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THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 1 headword matching “Rage”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
rageEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Etymology tree Latin rabiō Proto-Indo-European *-yḗh₂s Proto-Italic *-jēs Latin -iēs Classical Latin rabiēs Late Latin rabia Anglo-Norman ragebor. Middle English rage English rage From Middle English rage, from Anglo-Norman rage, from Late Latin rabia, from Classical Latin rabiēs (“anger, fury”). Doublet of rabies. Displaced native Middle English wode, from Old English wōd ("madness, fury, rage"; compare Modern dialectal English wood (“mad, insane, furious, raging”)); and Middle English hotherte (“anger”), from Old English hātheort (“fury, anger, wrath, rage”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗rageEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From Middle English ragen, from Old French rager, ragier, from the noun (see above). Displaced native Middle English weden (“to rage with anger”), from Old English wēdan (“to rage”), and Old English iersian, among other synonyms.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024015
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounhistorical form
chai
In current English, a South Asian-style tea commonly prepared with milk and spices; the word belongs to the overland cha/chay transmission family ultimately derived from Chinese 茶.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Saxon adjectivehistorical form
hōti
Old Saxon hōti is a normalized adjective headword supported by three Heliand loci and five reported witness readings: nominative plural hotie in manuscript M and huotia in C at line 5183; accusative singular hotean in M and huotian in C at line 5246; and nominative singular huoti in C at line 5285. The Munich forms hotie and hotean are directly visible in Cgm 25 scans 150 and 152; the three Cotton readings remain source-reported. Köbler nevertheless prints hōti* with a trailing star, so the mark cannot be reduced to “no nominative exists”: the same entry explicitly reports nominative huoti. The deeper genealogy splits. UT groups hōti with the inherited hate family under Pokorny's k̑ād- “hate, displeasure, uneasiness”; Köbler cross-references hatōn as a headword but gives the adjective a distinct etymology through Germanic *hwōtja- beside *hwōtō “threat” and Pokorny's *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d- complex “bore, prick, stab,” whose wider reflexes include whetting and inciting. The graph preserves both lanes. It does not turn hostile intent into a timeless essence, infer exact pronunciation from spelling, or pretend that a dictionary cross-reference settles ancestry.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
tea
The English name of the beverage, carried through the Dutch maritime network from a Southern Min form of the Chinese word 茶.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
çay
The Turkish word for tea, ultimately Chinese but analyzed in Turkish scholarship as reaching historical Turkey Turkish through Persian as a bridge language.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
چائے
The standard modern Urdu word for tea, recorded by Rekhta with Persian origin and a historical trail through older spellings such as چا and چاہ.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗025
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Present-Day English / Indo-European
chai
a tea beverage commonly prepared with spices, milk, and sweetener
- DATE
- 1984–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Old Saxon / Indo-European
hōti
hostile, inimical, or enraged
- DATE
- Old Saxon Heliand record
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
tea
the leaves of Camellia sinensis or a beverage made by infusing them
- DATE
- 1655–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Turkish / Turkic
çay
tea plant, leaves, beverage, and later social-event senses
- DATE
- Turkey Turkish record–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Urdu / Indo-European
چائے
cāytea plant, leaves, beverage, infusion, and tea gathering
- DATE
- standard modern Urdu
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
033
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 3
resolvedspeculativeposition text
Did Grimm establish a root meaning foam or fury?
No. DWB speculates about foam and rage but immediately says the matter should remain undecided and requires confirmation. It is evidence of scholarly history, not a secure ancestry node.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do the three poetic verb records and 222 fjándi prose citations form a direct frequency comparison?
No. They come from different public corpora with different genres, coverage, editorial states, and counting rules.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does every Heliand context simply mean hate?
No. The located contexts concern hostile minds, hostile intent, and a ruler becoming hostile or enraged in mind. Those are compatible with hostility but do not force the modern noun hate into every token.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 0
040
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “rage.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
050
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “rage.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.