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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL3 source sections across 3 headwords matching “Hal”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
Open the permanent entry for Hal →Open the permanent entry for HAL →Open the permanent entry for hal →
HalEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
A diminutive lambdacism of Harry (compare Sally from Sarah and Moll from Mary).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗HALEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From the fictional HAL 9000.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗halEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Borrowed from Arabic حَال (ḥāl, literally “state, condition”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024- HalMiddle English · word_hal_sb
Hal, sb. a secret place, MD; hale, dat., S.
Read the full source record → - HalMiddle English · word_hal_adj
Hal, adj. all, S2; see Al.
Read the full source record → - HalMiddle English · e-10625-additions-76
Source section: Additions and Corrections. This separately printed note may duplicate a correction already integrated in the source dictionary. Hal, adj. all, S2; see Al.
Read the full source record →
012
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
Old English weak-verb lemmadossier summary
hettan
An Old English weak-verb lemma supported by a strikingly narrow surface record. A full-corpus lemmatisation inventory lists only hettende under hettan; Bosworth–Toller redirects the bare headword to hettend, “enemy,” while Orel compares the verb with Gothic hatjan and Middle High German hetzen. Clark Hall instead assigns hettende to hatian. The dossier therefore separates the comparative verb, the recorded enemy word, and the unresolved lemma assignment.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
troth
Pledged fidelity, good faith, or betrothal; a surviving historical twin of truth rather than a later poetic fabrication.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗021
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
0316
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableposition text
Was Portuguese chá borrowed specifically from Cantonese or from Mandarin?
WALS gives a Cantonese cha route through Macao; Infopédia labels the source Mandarin chá. The shared cha-type Chinese family is secure, but the immediate variety label is not unanimous.
openproposedposition text
Is *leǵ- the only published deepest root shape?
No. The traditional *leǵ- analysis remains widely represented, while a published *sleǵ- reconstruction challenges the initial consonant and cautions against a simple semantic tale.
openproposedposition text
Do Celtic cais and cas make the deep Indo-European route secure?
Not by themselves. Koch publishes Proto-Celtic *katsi- and a wider *kad- comparison, but Middle Irish cais itself carries both love and hatred, and Liberman challenges whether several non-Germanic comparisons form one transparent family.
openprobableposition text
Is hettende a verbal participle or a lexical noun meaning enemy?
The evidence supports both analyses in different editorial systems. Tío Sáenz lemmatizes hettende under hettan; Clark Hall calls it a participle of hatian; Bosworth–Toller lists hettende among the forms of the masculine noun hettend, “enemy.”
openprobableposition text
Are hettan and hatian the same Old English verb?
Probably not historically, but the surviving forms are easy to merge. Orel assigns hettan to *xatjanan and hatian to a separate *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan formation; Clark Hall nevertheless sends hettende to hatian, and Bosworth–Toller cross-refers hettan to hatian.
openproposedposition text
Is *leǵ- the only published deepest root shape?
No. The traditional *leǵ- analysis remains widely represented, while a published *sleǵ- reconstruction challenges the initial consonant.
openproposedposition text
Is Finnish sauna ultimately an ancient Germanic loan?
Petri Kallio proposes Proto-Finnic *sakna as an ancient borrowing from Palaeo-Germanic *stagh-ná-, with pile or stack developing through stone-pile stove to sauna. The proposal has support but remains disputed.
resolvedspeculativeposition text
Did Grimm establish a root meaning foam or fury?
No. DWB speculates about foam and rage but immediately says the matter should remain undecided and requires confirmation. It is evidence of scholarly history, not a secure ancestry node.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is the Roman tenth-member story invented?
No. The Latin and historical punishment sense is real; the error is using etymology to ban later English meanings.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the Munich manuscript date prove an 875 first use?
No. The manuscript is cataloged to the second half of the ninth century, while the Heliand work is dated circa 830–840. The numeric 875 is only a representative object date for timeline placement.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the Cotton manuscript date equal the Heliand composition date?
No. Biblissima dates the copy to the middle or second half of the tenth century; the Heliand work itself is earlier.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was hete an isolated noun rather than a word-building base?
No. Bosworth–Toller lists eleven derived first elements ending in -hete; Clark Hall separately records hetenīþ, heterūn, hetesprǣc, hetesweng, and heteðanc.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 4
RANK 51GRADE Aranked reveal
Care, grief, funerals, and in-laws occupy one Greek noun—but hate does not secretly mean care.
LSJ's κῆδος entry moves through care and concern, anxiety and grief, troubles, mourning and funeral rites, an object of care, and connection by marriage. Homeric κήδεʼ can be many-troubled woes; Aeschylus can make Helen an object of care while playing on marriage affinity. Comparative sources then place the noun beside Celtic and Germanic hatred words under *ḱh₂d-es- and *ḱeh₂d-. The reveal is not a mystical reversal in which hate “really” means care. Merriam-Webster calls the semantic relations far from transparent, Liberman challenges the wider family's unity, and the Greek evidence itself resists a single linear story.
RANK 56GRADE Aranked reveal
The Old English friend was a loving-agent noun—but not merely a modern intimate.
OED and Bosworth–Toller preserve the morphology behind frēond: an inherited nd-stem formation tied to the verb meaning free or love. The same sources then refuse a slogan-sized definition. Old English uses cover close companion, ally or non-enemy, relation, friend of God, friend versus foe, and friends acting as arbitrators. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV folio 152r visibly preserves freondum in a hall filled with favored people at Beowulf 1018. The unveiling is not that friend secretly means love in every sentence; it is that a loving-agent fossil became a socially versatile noun before modern English existed.
RANK 131GRADE Acontrarian claim
Only half of bridegroom reaches the earthling root.
Bride continues Old English brȳd and stops at a Germanic comparison horizon; guma, the second compound element, follows the separate earthling branch.
RANK 136GRADE Aranked reveal
Old English turned hate into people-hate, murder-hate, weapon-hate, and war-hate.
Bosworth–Toller lists leód-, morþor-, wǽpen-, and wíg-hete among eleven derived formations. Clark Hall adds hostile speech, a hostile blow, a hostile design, and a charm for producing hate. The noun was a word-building base, not merely a private feeling label.
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BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
051
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
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