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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Desi”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
DesiEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Borrowed from Hindustani دیسی (desī) / देसी (desī).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Mayhew–Skeat (1888)
1888; pinned HTML transcription updated October 28, 2024015
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nouncontrarian claim
Liebe
The German noun for love, inherited through Middle and Old High German and a Germanic abstract-noun formation distinct from the immediate noun ancestry of English love.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivehistorical form
lieb
The German adjective for dear, beloved, kind, or welcome, inherited through Middle High German liep and Old High German liob from the Germanic adjective branch also represented by Dutch lief and Gothic liufs.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjective · nounhistorical form
lief
The Dutch adjective for dear, sweet, or kind and its substantivized use for a beloved person, inherited through the Germanic adjective branch.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivehistorical form
liufs
The normalized Gothic adjective meaning dear or beloved, preserved through inflected manuscript forms including liuba and liubans.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbcontrarian claim
love
Deep affection; an unusually durable Germanic word whose emotional core survived more than a millennium of sound change.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗025
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*lewbʰ-
to love, desire, care for
- DATE
- c. 4500–2500 BCE
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 5
Beyond secure reconstruction
UNKNOWN
No securely reviewed ancestor beyond the reconstructed desire-and-care root.
- DATE
- before secure reconstruction of *lewbʰ-
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Beyond secure reconstruction
UNKNOWN
No securely reviewed ancestor beyond the reconstructed desire-and-care root.
- DATE
- before secure reconstruction of *lewbʰ-
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Beyond secure reconstruction
UNKNOWN
No securely reviewed ancestor beyond the reconstructed desire-and-care root.
- DATE
- before secure reconstruction of *lewbʰ-
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Beyond secure reconstruction
UNKNOWN
No securely reviewed ancestor beyond the reconstructed desire-and-care root.
- DATE
- before secure reconstruction of *lewbʰ-
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0312
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 6
openproposedposition text
What did Proto-Germanic *kuninga- originally designate?
The kin-base derivation is secure in the reviewed sources, but its exact social interpretation is not. EWA gives a member of a noble lineage; Meli proposes one who brings distinction to his lineage. “Leader of the kin” is not a neutral translation of either analysis.
openprobableposition text
How wide was the PIE meaning?
“Love” is a convenient gloss, but daughter languages point to a field including desire, pleasure, approval, and care.
resolvedprobableposition text
Are German Liebe and English love the same immediate inherited noun?
No. Their histories converge deeper in the desire-and-care family, but Old High German liubî is analyzed through Germanic *leubīn while Old English lufu follows the *lubō branch.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did hatr mean only a private inner feeling?
No. ONP’s principal gloss includes enmity and spite, and its citations include definitions involving desire to harm, opposition to love, and contextual persecution. That range does not make every token an action.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did hete name only an inward feeling?
No. Historical dictionaries include enmity, malignity, malice, spite, hostility, and persecution, and they document compounds for hostile speech, hostile blows, hostile designs, and other enacted or categorized hostility.
resolvedprobableposition text
Is German lieb a shortened form of Liebe?
No. The adjective descends through Middle High German liep and Old High German liob. The noun Liebe continues a related abstract-noun formation analyzed as deadjectival within the older family.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 6
RANK 136GRADE Aranked reveal
Old English turned hate into people-hate, murder-hate, weapon-hate, and war-hate.
Bosworth–Toller lists leód-, morþor-, wǽpen-, and wíg-hete among eleven derived formations. Clark Hall adds hostile speech, a hostile blow, a hostile design, and a charm for producing hate. The noun was a word-building base, not merely a private feeling label.
RANK 158GRADE Aranked reveal
A starred Gothic lemma can still be manuscript-attested.
Project Wulfila writes *liufs because the normalized citation form is inferred from inflections. Forms such as liuba and liubans survive in named codices, so this is not the same kind of star as Proto-Germanic *leubaz.
RANK 169GRADE Aranked reveal
Romance is not the whole prehistory of love.
The reconstructed love family spans a wider comparative field of desire, care, pleasure, and longing. Modern romantic love is one powerful branch, not a one-word prehistoric definition.
RANK 195GRADE A-ranked reveal
German and English took different noun roads to love.
German Liebe follows Old High German liubî and reconstructed *leubīn; English love follows Old English lufu and *lubō. The graph joins them only at the deeper desire-and-care root.
RANK 198GRADE A-ranked reveal
The adjective came before the modern noun shape.
German lieb descends through Middle High German liep and Old High German liob. Liebe is an abstract noun within the same older family, not the source from which lieb was clipped.
RANK 199GRADE A-ranked reveal
Dutch lief is love’s adjective cousin, not its child.
Dutch lief belongs with Gothic liufs and German lieb in the inherited dear-or-beloved adjective branch. English love is a separate noun route in the same deeper family.
041
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
050
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “desi.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.