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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Non”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
nonEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *né Proto-Germanic *ne Proto-Indo-European *ís? Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos Proto-Germanic *ainaz Proto-Germanic *nainaz Proto-West Germanic *nain Old English nān Middle English non ▲ Old English nān Old English nān- Middle English non- English non- English non From non- (prefix)
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →018
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
verbcontrarian claim
feign
To invent, fabricate, make a likeness, or pretend; borrowed through Anglo-French from Latin fingere, to shape or fashion.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Norse masculine nouncontrarian claim
frændi
Old Norse frændi belongs to the same inherited Germanic present-participial family as English friend, German Freund, and Dutch vriend, but cognacy did not freeze one meaning. The Dictionary of Old Norse Prose structures 225 citations into friend; foster brother or companion; kinsman, relative, or son; parents; and ancestor, while warning that the friend and kin divisions are not sharp. Cleasby and Vigfússon call the Scandinavian semantic specialization striking and treat kinsman as the ordinary center; Zoëga likewise gives kinsman, brother, son, and ancestor. Fritzner preserves the historical formation as a participle of frjá and compares the West and East Germanic friend words. The graph joins frændi directly to the same reviewed *frijōnd-, *frī-, and proposed *prī- nodes as friend, Freund, and vriend, then stops. The displayed pronunciation is a normalized approximation, not recorded medieval audio.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English strong masculine nd-stem noundossier summary
frēond
Old English frēond is the directly attested source-language noun behind modern friend. OED analyzes it as an inherited strong masculine agent noun in -nd, ultimately a noun use of the present participle of the Germanic base behind free, and documents West Saxon frēond, Northumbrian and Kentish frīond, Kentish frīand, mutated frīend and frȳnd, endingless plurals, and re-formed frēondas. Bosworth–Toller prints freónd and friónd, explicitly links freónde loving to freón or freógan, and supplies examples for companion, ally, relation, friend of God, friend versus foe, and friends acting as arbitrators. OED independently preserves close companion, non-enemy, ally, and kinsman senses in Old English. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV folio 152r was directly inspected at Beowulf 1018, where the pixels visibly preserve freondum in Heorot innan wæs freondum afylled. The route reuses the reviewed *frijōnd-, *frī-, and proposed *prī- nodes and then stops. The displayed pronunciation is a normalized approximation, not a recorded voice.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
hogan
An English borrowing of Navajo hooghan, a home or dwelling term with specific Diné cultural reference.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verbcontrarian claim
lay
To put, place, or set down; an inherited causative verb in the same deep lie-and-lay family that produced law.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
regal
Of, relating to, or suitable for a monarch; borrowed through French or directly from Latin rēgālis.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · adjective · verbcontrarian claim
taboo
An English borrowing recorded in 1777 from Tongan tabu, now tapu, within an Oceanic family whose reconstructed form joins ritual restriction with sacredness.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
verbal
Of, relating to, or consisting of words; also of verbs and, in one modern contrast, spoken rather than written.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗021
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
0316
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openprobableposition text
Did English algorism arrive through French or directly from Medieval Latin?
The sources preserve both channels. Merriam-Webster names Middle French and Medieval Latin; Etymonline emphasizes Old French from Medieval Latin.
openproposedposition text
Which Aboriginal language supplied boomerang?
Dharug bumarin and a Dharawal bou-mar-rang form are published candidates, but the Australian National Dictionary Centre says the exact source language remains uncertain.
openproposedposition text
Could Latin calculus and Greek káchlēx share a non-Indo-European source?
Yes, as a proposal. Beekes' substrate diagnostics for Greek variants motivate a possible common source, but no form is securely reconstructed.
openprobableposition text
How was English etymological formed?
Merriam-Webster analyzes etymologic from Latin etymologicus and etymological as etymologic + -al; Etymonline analyzes etymology + -ical.
openprobableposition text
Are fijan and hatan perfect synonyms?
They overlap, but the surviving corpus does not prove identity. In Luke 1 fijandam supplies enemies and hatandane those hating; in Luke 6 hatandans supplies enemies and fijandam those hating. Sturtevant uses their association in a formal argument without proving interchangeable semantics everywhere.
openprobableposition text
Are hatan and fijan perfect synonyms?
They overlap in the Gothic hate field, but the surviving passages do not prove total synonymy. Luke 1 uses fijandam for enemies and hatandane for those hating; Luke 6 reverses those constructional roles. Sturtevant treats semantic association as relevant to formal association, not as proof that every sense and construction was identical.
openproposedposition text
Do Celtic cais and cas make the deep Indo-European route secure?
Not by themselves. Koch publishes Proto-Celtic *katsi- and a wider *kad- comparison, but Middle Irish cais itself carries both love and hatred, and Liberman challenges whether several non-Germanic comparisons form one transparent family.
openprobableposition text
Does the Germanic hate family securely descend from *ḱeh₂d-?
Only probably. Merriam-Webster publishes the proposal but says the semantic relations among grief, mourning, care, and hatred are far from transparent; Liberman questions whether all proposed non-Germanic cognates belong together.
openproposedposition text
Can Latin lēx and Germanic law converge at *legh-?
Possibly, but uncertain. American Heritage presents Latin lēx from *leǵ- as one analysis and separately allows a possible “laid down” route from *legh-.
openproposedposition text
Is poncho securely Mapuche or Spanish?
It remains disputed. A major English dictionary and Sánchez support Mapuche ancestry; current RAE and Iwasaki advance a Spanish-internal analysis grounded partly in an early 1530 record.
openproposedposition text
Is the PIE salt root written *sal- or *séh₂l-?
Both appear in the reviewed references at different representational resolutions. SET-U reuses *séh₂l- as the canonical dossier node and records *sal- as an alternative notation, not a second word.
resolvedspeculativeposition text
Did Grimm establish a root meaning foam or fury?
No. DWB speculates about foam and rage but immediately says the matter should remain undecided and requires confirmation. It is evidence of scholarly history, not a secure ancestry node.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 4
RANK 56GRADE Aranked reveal
The Old English friend was a loving-agent noun—but not merely a modern intimate.
OED and Bosworth–Toller preserve the morphology behind frēond: an inherited nd-stem formation tied to the verb meaning free or love. The same sources then refuse a slogan-sized definition. Old English uses cover close companion, ally or non-enemy, relation, friend of God, friend versus foe, and friends acting as arbitrators. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV folio 152r visibly preserves freondum in a hall filled with favored people at Beowulf 1018. The unveiling is not that friend secretly means love in every sentence; it is that a loving-agent fossil became a socially versatile noun before modern English existed.
RANK 74GRADE Aranked reveal
Lay and law are cousins; the other lays are strangers.
The set-down verb and law meet at *legh-. Lay the poem and lay meaning non-clerical arrived through different French, Latin, and Greek histories.
RANK 162GRADE Aranked reveal
Regal and royal are two arrivals from one king adjective.
The English paths differ, but both reach Latin rēgālis and rēx. Their synonymy reflects shared ancestry, not one modern word copied from the other.
RANK 187GRADE Aranked reveal
It never meant “without wax.”
Latin sincerus is real; sine cera is beautiful nonsense.
040
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “non.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
054
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Anonymous Leiðarvísan 31
fjándi / fjándi / poetic composition dated 1190 by source; dating requires checking
Lexicon Poeticum — fjándi, noun masculine, enemy or devilreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Anonymous, Fourth Grammatical Treatise verse 8
hata / hata / poem attributed 1335; concordance date unreviewed
Lexicon Poeticum — hata, verbreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
rēgis in Vergil’s Aeneid
rēgis / rēx / first-century BCE poem, inspected through an 1881 digital edition
Aeneid — Latin edition in the Perseus text collectionwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Wachtendonck Psalms, Psalm 53:7
fīunt / fīunt / 901–1000; surviving copy 1595–1605
Oudnederlands Woordenboek — fīuntwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
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