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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Akin”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
akinEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From a corruption of of kin, from Middle English of kyn (“related, of kin”), equivalent to a- + kin (1550s). Compare Old English cyn, cynn (“akin, proper, suitable”, adj.).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →0111
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
noun combining formhistorical form
-logy
A bound English word element used in formations involving discourse or expression and in names of doctrines, theories, sciences, and fields of study.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
adverb
A grammatical class commonly modifying verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, phrases, clauses, or sentences; the English term continues Latin adverbium.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun and adjectivehistorical form
dairy
Milk, milk products, or a place and enterprise devoted to them; historically built on the occupational word for a woman managing milk and food production.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · verbdossier summary
dialogue
Conversation, represented speech, or an exchange of ideas; inherited through medieval French and Latin from a Greek speaking-family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
legislation
The making of laws or laws collectively; from French and Late Latin legislatio, a law-proposing or law-bearing formation.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
logic
The discipline and practice of valid reasoning, inherited through French and Latin from a Greek family of word, account, speech, and reason.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
proverb
A brief traditional saying or maxim; English received the word through Anglo-French from Latin proverbium.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
verb
A grammatical word class expressing action, occurrence, or state; English borrowed the label through Anglo-French from Latin verbum.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivehistorical form
verbal
Of, relating to, or consisting of words; also of verbs and, in one modern contrast, spoken rather than written.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adverbhistorical form
verbatim
In exactly the same words; English borrowed the Medieval Latin adverb verbatim, built on verbum and -atim.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
word
A meaningful spoken or written unit; an inherited English form whose Germanic branch is cognate with Latin verbum rather than borrowed from it.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗0212
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*leǵ-
to collect, gather; with descendants involving speaking
- DATE
- Indo-European prehistory
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 15
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
-λογία
-logíāformation associated with speaking, discourse, or an account of a subject
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Middle English / Indo-European
deie
woman in charge of milking and making butter and cheese
- DATE
- Middle English
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
legislation
the making of laws, laws collectively, or business before a legislative body
- DATE
- 1606–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
French / Indo-European
législation
law-making authority, action, or body of laws
- DATE
- French, 14th century onward
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
κλίβανος
klíbanosearthen baking vessel; tandoor
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Ancient Greek / Indo-European
κρίβανος
kríbanosearthen baking vessel; tandoor
- DATE
- Ancient Greek
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 0
Beyond secure reconstruction
UNKNOWN
No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the speaking root.
- DATE
- before the reviewed *werh₁- reconstruction
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Beyond secure reconstruction
UNKNOWN
No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the speaking root.
- DATE
- before the reviewed *werh₁- reconstruction
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Beyond secure reconstruction
UNKNOWN
No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the speaking root.
- DATE
- before the reviewed *werh₁- reconstruction
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Beyond secure reconstruction
UNKNOWN
No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the speaking root.
- DATE
- before the reviewed *werh₁- reconstruction
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Beyond secure reconstruction
UNKNOWN
No securely promoted ancestor is known beyond the speaking root.
- DATE
- before the reviewed *werh₁- reconstruction
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0317
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
openproposedposition text
Does loaf have a securely established Indo-European root?
Not in the reviewed evidence. *Hlaibaz is reconstructed as Proto-Germanic, while a shared European substrate source with Greek baking-vessel words is introduced only as perhaps.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Can the akin German and Sanskrit forms be used as direct parents?
No. The reviewed source labels Old High German kliuwa and Sanskrit glauḥ as akin forms, not successive ancestors of English clew.
resolvedprobableposition text
Are the chase, hurry, and incitement senses separate homonyms?
The reviewed dictionaries treat them as senses of one inherited verb. The semantic bridge from making quarry or people move under pressure to hurrying and inciting is historically plausible, though the dossier does not invent exact dates for every transition.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does English whet descend from Old Saxon hōti?
No such direct descent is claimed. UT places whet and other Germanic sharpen or incite reflexes under *kʷē̆d- / *kʷō̆d-; Köbler uses that etymon for hōti, making them proposed deeper relatives if his route is right.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did kind always mean benevolent or nice?
No. Old English gecynde is natural, native, innate, fitting, proper, or inherited by birth. Middle English evidence adds affectionate and benevolent uses, making modern moral kindness a semantic development rather than the original whole meaning.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does kind of always mean a literal category or type?
No. Alongside the compositional category construction, kind of has been reanalyzed as an approximator, hedge, downtoner, and pragmatic marker; reduced kinda represents that later constructional history.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was nescience coined in modern English by negating science?
No. English borrowed the learned noun through Late Latin nescientia, itself built through nesciens and nescīre from the Latin negative plus scīre.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is select descended from English lecture or lesson?
No. The English words are cousins. Select comes from Latin selectus and seligere; lecture and lesson take other Latin formations that independently reach legere.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did the English word shah produce check?
No. English shah and English check are cousins: both reach back independently to Persian šāh, while check travels through chess, Arabic, and French.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is English ten borrowed from Latin decem?
No. English ten is inherited through Old English and Germanic, while Latin decem is a cognate from the same Indo-European numeral.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was English word borrowed from Latin verbum?
No. English word is inherited through Old English and Germanic; Latin verbum is an akin or cognate branch under the shared speaking root, not the donor.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is *werh1- an attested first human word?
No. The asterisk marks a comparative reconstruction, and the reviewed source stops at the speaking root rather than identifying any spoken first word.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 5
RANK 21GRADE Aranked reveal
King comes from the kin family; kin does not come from king.
English kin independently continues Old English cynn and Germanic *kunja-. The royal title is a separate suffixed formation on that lineage base, so the shared letters preserve real morphology without making either modern word the parent of the other.
RANK 28GRADE Aranked reveal
German hostile agitation still carries a hound’s chase.
The medieval verb drives dogs after quarry. The same directed-force construction is soon applied to people: Middle High German records set people against one another, and Early New High German polemic sets rulers against Christians. Modern political hetzen is therefore not merely “hate” verbalized; it inherits a grammar of making another actor pursue, pressure, or attack.
RANK 134GRADE Acontrarian claim
Feign once included making, not only pretending.
Middle English feynen could mean make, fabricate, or make a likeness as well as dissemble or pretend, continuing the fingere shaping family.
RANK 207GRADE Acontrarian claim
A lecture began as reading, not speaking.
Latin lectūra named an act of reading before English made it a discourse.
RANK 212GRADE A−ranked reveal
Logic and -logy are the same word family.
Both return to Greek λόγος; even the deeper “gather” root has a live reconstruction dispute.
040
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “akin.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
051
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.