*SET-U

THE JOURNEY ATLAS

TIMELINE ATLAS ↗

MAP THE ROUTE / KEEP THE LIMIT

PLACE → PERIOD → TRANSFORMATION

WORDS HAVE
ADDRESSES.

Trace where a word’s reviewed history passed through—and see every broad, global, or uncertain stage that cannot honestly be reduced to one point.

THE GEOGRAPHIC CONTRACT

A ROUTE IS A MODEL.
NOT A GPS TRACE.

Regional pins locate reviewed cultural stages. Approximate pins locate broad reconstructed or contact regions. Global stages stay unpinned. Every route preserves its full editorial sequence; only directly cited, explicitly bounded stages also enter the cross-word Timeline Atlas.

959REVIEWED ROUTE STAGES

Ordered inside 214 complete dossier journeys.

230HONEST MAP POINTS

231 coordinate pairs exist; global placements are suppressed.

729NO SINGLE PIN

Broad, global, uncertain, or not honestly reducible to one point.

959DIRECTLY CITED STAGES

1324 claim-level citations; every remaining stage is a frontier task.

578NUMERIC TIME BOUNDS

Source-backed stages now join the cross-word Timeline Atlas.

381TIME BOUNDS WITHHELD

Historic labels remain readable without being parsed into false years.

00

FILTER THE ROUTE ARCHIVE

WHERE DID THE WORD GO?

214 ROUTES / 959 MATCHING STAGES

Filters select complete word journeys when any stage matches. The map and route card then preserve the surrounding stages, so a search result never becomes a historically amputated dot.

01

THE REVIEWED GEOGRAPHIC LAYER

WORDS DO NOT MOVE IN STRAIGHT LINES.

230 PLOTTED STAGES
230 plotted stages in matching word journeys-logy, stage 1: Ancient Greek linguistic record — -logiā, logos, and legein-logy, stage 3: Northern France — Old French -logie-logy, stage 4: England — Middle English -logieadverb, stage 2: Roman grammatical tradition — Latin adverbiumadverb, stage 3: France and England — Middle French to Middle Englishaguacate, stage 1: Nahuatl-speaking central Mexico — 1571 Molina recordalgebra, stage 1: Baghdad — c. 825algebra, stage 2: Iberian and Latin translation worlds — 12th centuryalgebra, stage 3: England — 1551algorism, stage 1: Khwārizmian name horizon — approximately 780–850algorism, stage 2: Medieval Latin Europe — 12th centuryalgorism, stage 3: France and England — 13th–14th centuriesalgorism, stage 4: Medieval England — 14th centuryalgorithm, stage 1: Khwārizm — 8th–9th centuriesalgorithm, stage 2: Baghdad — 9th centuryalgorithm, stage 3: Medieval Latin Europe — 12th–15th centuriesarithmetic, stage 1: Ancient Greek linguistic world — antiquityarithmetic, stage 2: Latin and medieval French scholarship — 12th–13th centuriesarithmetic, stage 3: Medieval England — circa 1250 English horizonbetroth, stage 3: England — Middle English bi-/be- plus trouthboy, stage 1: Medieval England — Middle English boibride, stage 1: Old English language area — Old English brȳdbridegroom, stage 3: Scots and English record — brydegrome in 1525calculate, stage 3: England — 1542 English first-known-use horizoncalculator, stage 1: Roman world — Latin antiquity and Late Latincalculator, stage 2: Medieval England — 14th-century English recordcalculus, stage 1: Roman world — Latin antiquitycalculus, stage 3: England — 1666 English recordcandid, stage 2: Latin-speaking Mediterranean — Latin antiquitycandid, stage 3: France — Middle French, c. 1300–1600candid, stage 4: England and global English — 1597–todaycandidate, stage 1: Roman office-seeking practice — Roman antiquity; exact onset unresolvedcandidate, stage 2: French candidat and learned circulation — 1284 French record; 1546 public-office sensecandidate, stage 3: England — 1600 English first-known-use horizoncandor, stage 1: Latin-speaking Mediterranean — Latin antiquitycandor, stage 2: France — French transmission, date unresolvedcandor, stage 3: England — 14th-century English recordchá, stage 2: Macao and Cantonese maritime contact — 16th centurychá, stage 3: Portuguese-language record — current Infopédia recordclew, stage 1: Anglo-Saxon England — Old English, before the 12th centuryclew, stage 2: Medieval England — Middle English, c. 1100–1500clue, stage 1: Anglo-Saxon England — before 1150clue, stage 2: English literature — late 16th c.collect, stage 2: Roman world — antiquitycollect, stage 3: Anglo-French and Middle English — medievalconscience, stage 2: Roman world — Latin antiquityconscience, stage 3: Medieval France and England — 13th-century English horizonconscious, stage 2: Roman world — Latin antiquityconscious, stage 3: England — circa 1600 English recorddairy, stage 1: Old English language area — dǣge, female baker or servantdialogue, stage 2: Ancient Greek speech communities — Ancient Greek recorddialogue, stage 3: Roman literary world — Latin antiquity and Late Latindialogue, stage 4: Medieval England — circa 1200–15th centurydirect, stage 3: France and England — Anglo-French directer to Middle English directendisaster, stage 2: Italy — Old Italian stage; exact onset unresolveddisaster, stage 3: France — Middle French borrowing; exact onset unresolveddough, stage 3: Anglo-Saxon England — dāg before the 12th centuryemoticon, stage 2: Roman and Francophone transmission — Latin antiquity–16th centuryemoticon, stage 3: England — 1579 English emotion recordemotion, stage 2: Roman and Francophone transmission — Latin antiquity–16th centuryemotion, stage 3: England — 1579 English recordetymological, stage 2: Early Modern England — 1588–1590s source horizonsetymologist, stage 1: Medieval and Early Modern English learned vocabulary — late 14th century–1604etymologist, stage 2: Early Modern England — 1604–1630s source horizonsetymologize, stage 1: Medieval English learned vocabulary — late 14th century onwardetymologize, stage 2: Early Modern England — 1532 transitive horizonetymologize, stage 3: English semantic expansion — 1650s intransitive horizonetymology, stage 2: Ancient Greece — 1st millennium BCEetymology, stage 3: Rome and medieval Europe — antiquity–14th c.etymon, stage 1: Later Ancient Greek learned usage — Hellenistic and Roman periodsetymon, stage 2: Latin scholarly transmission — antiquity–medieval learned useetymon, stage 3: English printed record — 1573feign, stage 2: Medieval English language area — Middle English feynen and feignenfemale, stage 2: Roman linguistic world — fēmina to fēmellafemale, stage 3: France and England — femele to femellefiction, stage 2: Medieval English language area — Middle English ficciounfigure, stage 3: Medieval France and England — figure in the 13th centuryfijan, stage 4: Ravenna — early-sixth-century Codex Argenteus witnessesfijan, stage 5: Werden, Ruhr district — sixteenth-century Codex Argenteus custodyfijan, stage 6: Prague — imperial custody by 1600 to 1648fijan, stage 7: Stockholm — Swedish royal custody after 1648fijan, stage 9: Uppsala University Library — custody since 1669fijands, stage 5: Ravenna — early-sixth-century Codex Argenteus witnessesfijands, stage 6: Werden, Ruhr district — sixteenth-century Codex Argenteus custodyfijands, stage 7: Prague — imperial custody by 1600 to 1648fijands, stage 8: Stockholm — Swedish royal custody after 1648fijands, stage 10: Uppsala University Library — custody since 1669girl, stage 1: Medieval England — Middle English girlehatan, stage 3: Ravenna — early-sixth-century Codex Argenteus witnesseshatan, stage 4: Werden, Ruhr district — sixteenth-century manuscript custodyhatan, stage 5: Prague — imperial custody by 1600 to 1648hatan, stage 6: Stockholm — Swedish royal custody after 1648hatan, stage 8: Uppsala University Library — custody since 1669hatis, stage 3: Ravenna — early-sixth-century Codex Argenteus witnesshatis, stage 4: Werden, Ruhr district — sixteenth-century Codex Argenteus custodyhatis, stage 5: Prague — imperial custody by 1600 to 1648hatis, stage 6: Stockholm — Swedish royal custody after 1648hatis, stage 8: Uppsala University Library — custody since 1669hatizōn, stage 3: Ravenna — early-sixth-century Codex Argenteushatizōn, stage 4: Werden, Ruhr district — sixteenth-century manuscript custodyhatizōn, stage 5: Prague — imperial custody by 1600 to 1648hatizōn, stage 6: Stockholm — Swedish royal custody after 1648hatizōn, stage 8: Uppsala University Library — custody since 1669hatjan, stage 3: Ravenna — early-sixth-century Codex Argenteushatjan, stage 4: Werden, Ruhr district — sixteenth-century manuscript custodyhatjan, stage 5: Prague — imperial custody by 1600 to 1648hatjan, stage 6: Stockholm — Swedish royal custody after 1648hatjan, stage 8: Uppsala University Library — custody since 1669hatōn, stage 4: Corvey catalog attribution — Cgm 25, second half of the ninth centuryheti, stage 4: Corvey catalog attribution — Cgm 25, second half of the ninth centuryhospice, stage 3: England — 1818 English lodging horizonhospitality, stage 2: Latin-speaking Mediterranean — Latin antiquityhospitality, stage 3: France and England — medieval French and English transmissionhostel, stage 2: England — 14th-century English recordhostis, stage 3: Rome — Cicero’s 44 BCE semantic testimonyhuman, stage 2: Roman linguistic world — homō to hūmānushuman, stage 3: France and England — humainhumble, stage 3: Medieval England and Anglo-French contact — humble in the 13th centuryhumiliate, stage 3: England — circa 1534 English recordhumiliation, stage 3: Northern France — Middle French before 1449–1495humiliation, stage 4: England — late 14th-century Middle Englishhumility, stage 3: Northern France — later 10th century–1400 Old Frenchhumility, stage 4: England — 14th-century Middle English and Englishhusband, stage 3: Medieval England — hūsbōnda to husbondehōti, stage 6: Corvey catalog attribution — Cgm 25, second half of the ninth centuryicon, stage 1: Greek and Roman linguistic worlds — antiquity–Late Latinicon, stage 2: England — 1572 English recordicon, stage 3: Eastern Christian and English religious discourse — 1833–todayintellect, stage 1: Roman world — Latin antiquityintellect, stage 2: Medieval France — Old French transmission, c. 800–1400intellect, stage 3: England — 14th-century English recordintelligence, stage 2: Roman world — antiquityintelligence, stage 3: France and England — 14th centuryintelligent, stage 2: Roman world — Latin antiquityintelligent, stage 3: England — circa 1540 English recordkapu, stage 2: Hawaiian-language record — 1836 dictionary record–todaykayık, stage 3: Modern Turkish kayık — 2023 dictionary record–todaylady, stage 2: Medieval England — hlǣfdige to ladylaw, stage 2: Scandinavia and the Old Norse world — approximately 700–1500law, stage 3: Anglo-Saxon England — before the 12th centurylay, stage 2: Anglo-Saxon England — before the 12th centurylay, stage 3: Middle English England — approximately 1150–1500lecture, stage 2: Roman and medieval scholarly worlds — antiquity–medievallecture, stage 3: England — 15th centurylegal, stage 2: Roman world — antiquitylegal, stage 3: Anglo-French England — medievallegend, stage 2: Medieval Latin Christendom — medievallegend, stage 3: England — c. 1500legible, stage 2: Roman and Late Latin world — Latin antiquity–late antiquitylegible, stage 3: England — late 14th–15th centurieslegislation, stage 3: France — 1372–1374 French recordlegislation, stage 4: England — 1606 English reportlesson, stage 3: England — 13th-century English recordliufs, stage 4: Ravenna — early-6th-century Codex Argenteuslogic, stage 2: Ancient Greece — 1st millennium BCElogic, stage 3: Latin and medieval French scholarship — antiquity–12th centurylord, stage 2: Medieval England — hlāford to loverdlove, stage 1: Pontic–Caspian horizon — Proto-Indo-European prehistorylove, stage 3: Anglo-Saxon England — Old English period; English record before 12th c.male, stage 1: Roman linguistic world — mās to masculusmale, stage 2: France and England — masle to maleman, stage 3: Early and medieval England — Old English mann to Middle English mannescience, stage 3: England — 1612 English recordomniscient, stage 3: England — 1598 English recordperson, stage 2: Roman linguistic world — Latin persōnaperson, stage 3: France and England — personeprescient, stage 2: Roman world — Latin antiquityprescient, stage 3: France — 15th-century French recordprescient, stage 4: England — 1620s English recordprologue, stage 2: Ancient Greek theatre — Ancient Greek recordprologue, stage 3: Roman literary world — Latin antiquity and Late Latinprologue, stage 4: Medieval England — 14th–15th centuriesproverb, stage 2: Roman world — Latin proverbiumqajaq, stage 2: Greenlandic qajaq terminology — 1987 terminology record–todayquarantine, stage 1: Dubrovnik / Ragusa — 1377 thirty-day trentino lawrealm, stage 3: France and England — Old French reiame to Middle English realmeregal, stage 3: France and England — Old French or Anglo-French transmissionregular, stage 3: France and England — Anglo-French reguler to Middle English regulerregulate, stage 3: England — Middle English regulaterich, stage 3: England — Old English rīcerich, stage 4: France and England — Old French riche and Middle English richeright, stage 3: England — Old English riht to Middle English rightrobot, stage 2: Prague — 1920 R.U.R. coinagerobot, stage 3: English-language R.U.R. translation and print — 1922 first-use horizon; inspected 1923 editionroyal, stage 3: France and England — Anglo-French roial to Middle English roialrule, stage 3: France and England — Anglo-French reule to Middle English reulerí, stage 3: Ireland — Old Irish rí and ríg, 8th–10th centuriessalary, stage 2: Roman world — imperial periodsalary, stage 3: Medieval France — 12th–13th c.salary, stage 4: England — 13th c. first-known-use horizonsalt, stage 2: Germanic and Anglo-Saxon Europe — approximately 450–1150salt, stage 3: England — before the 12th centuryselect, stage 2: England — 1565 adjective horizonselect, stage 3: England — 1566 verb horizonsincere, stage 1: Roman world — antiquitysincere, stage 2: France — 15th c.; attestations in 1441 and 1474sincere, stage 3: England — 1533 first-known-use horizontapu, stage 2: Aotearoa New Zealand Māori record — 1872 corpus example–todaytea, stage 2: Xiamen, Fujian — Southern Min contact eratea, stage 4: England — 1655 onwardten, stage 3: England — recorded before the 12th centurytree, stage 3: England — Old English trēow to Middle English treetroth, stage 3: England — Old English trēowþ to Middle English trouthtruce, stage 3: England — Old English trēow to Middle English plural trewestrue, stage 3: England — Old English trēowe to Middle English trewetrust, stage 3: Scandinavian linguistic horizon — Old Norse traust or a related Scandinavian sourcetrust, stage 4: England — Middle English trustetruth, stage 3: England — Old English trēowþ to Middle English trewtheverb, stage 2: Roman world — Latin verbumverb, stage 3: Anglo-French Britain — Latin-to-French-to-English transmissionverbal, stage 1: Late Latin learned tradition — verbalis from verbum plus -alisverbal, stage 2: England — 15th-century English recordverbatim, stage 1: Roman world — Latin verbum and word-for-word phraseswife, stage 2: Medieval England — wīf to wifwoman, stage 2: Medieval England — wīfman to wommanword, stage 3: England — Old English record before the 12th centuryçay, stage 3: Turkey Turkish record — 2023 dictionary edition–todayétymologie, stage 1: Ancient Greek learned tradition — Hellenistic and later Greekétymologie, stage 2: Latin grammatical tradition — antiquity–medieval Europeétymologie, stage 3: Old French textual record — c. 1175–1188étymologie, stage 4: French technical specialization — 1529–1756étymon, stage 1: Later Ancient Greek learned usage — Hellenistic and Roman periodsétymon, stage 2: Latin scholarly transmission — antiquity–medieval learned useétymon, stage 3: French lexicographic record — 1892μυς, stage 4: Modern Greece — current anatomical usageчай, stage 3: Russian-language record — Vasmer dictionary recordստոյգ, stage 3: Historical Armenian lexicography — 19th-century dictionaries–todayچای, stage 3: Persian-language record — Dehkhoda lexicographic record–todayἐτήτυμος, stage 3: Ancient Greek poetic usage — Archaic–Classical recordἔτυμος, stage 3: Later Greek learned usage — Hellenistic and Roman-period records
REGIONAL PLACEMENTAPPROXIMATE / RECONSTRUCTED REGIONGLOBAL OR UNLOCATED — NO SINGLE PIN

This is not a GPS trace. Lines appear only when adjacent stages in one selected route both have defensible points. A global stage is not pinned even when a legacy coordinate names the route’s point of departure. Missing locations break the line.

02

ROUTE-BY-ROUTE SEQUENCE TIMELINES

214 MATCHING WORD JOURNEYS

PAGE 16 / 27
172

REVIEWED WORD JOURNEY

kin

OPEN DOSSIER ↗
5STAGES0HONEST PINS5NO SINGLE PIN
  1. 01
    *ǵenh₁- and suffixed zero gradeNO SINGLE PIN

    Indo-European comparative horizon

    The reviewed trail begins in a reconstructed begetting and generation family whose derivatives name lineages, kinds, and kin groups.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  2. 02
    *kunja- through geminated *kunnj-NO SINGLE PIN

    Proto-Germanic and West Germanic linguistic horizon

    The lineage formation develops West Germanic consonant gemination; Runic kunni makes the doubled n visible before Old English records.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  3. 03
    cynnNO SINGLE PIN

    Old English records

    Umlauted cynn carries kindred, race, people, tribe, family, lineage, generation, kind, gender, and progeny senses.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  4. 04
    kin, kyn, kinne, cunne, and related formsNO SINGLE PIN

    Middle English records

    A large spelling inventory preserves family, people, ancestry, relative, kind, and category senses while the modern form emerges.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  5. 05
    kin as relatives, common ancestry, and kindred relationNO SINGLE PIN

    Global English

    The surviving noun narrows toward relatives and common ancestry; attributive adjective use is separately reported from 1597.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
173

REVIEWED WORD JOURNEY

kind

OPEN DOSSIER ↗
5STAGES0HONEST PINS5NO SINGLE PIN
  1. 01
    *ǵenh₁- and suffixed zero grade *gn̥ə-t-NO SINGLE PIN

    Indo-European comparative horizon

    The reviewed trail begins with a reconstructed birth root and a derived formation for what is born or produced, not with an attested moral category.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  2. 02
    noun *kundjaz and adjective *kundizNO SINGLE PIN

    Proto-Germanic linguistic horizon

    Distinct reconstructed noun and adjective formations carry origin, family, nature, native, and fitting senses toward West Germanic.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  3. 03
    cynd / gecynd and gecyndeNO SINGLE PIN

    Old English records

    The noun names nature, origin, generation, kind, and offspring while the adjective means natural, native, innate, proper, or inherited by birth.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  4. 04
    kīnde noun and kīnd(e adjectiveNO SINGLE PIN

    Middle English records

    Class, species, essential nature, and origin remain active while the adjective’s fitting and affectionate senses develop toward modern benevolence.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  5. 05
    kind, kind of, and kindaNO SINGLE PIN

    Global English

    The noun centers on class and nature, the adjective on benevolence, and the category phrase also develops hedge and discourse-marker functions.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
174

REVIEWED WORD JOURNEY

kindred

OPEN DOSSIER ↗
5STAGES0HONEST PINS5NO SINGLE PIN
  1. 01
    *ǵenh₁- and *h₂erh₁-NO SINGLE PIN

    Indo-European comparative horizon

    The two reviewed branches are reconstructed separately: a birth and generation root supplies kin, while a fit-together root supplies the condition element.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  2. 02
    *kunja- and *rēdanNO SINGLE PIN

    Proto-Germanic linguistic horizon

    Germanic prehistory supplies the kin base and the separately reconstructed condition or arrangement family later combined in English.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  3. 03
    cynræden / cynrēdeNO SINGLE PIN

    Late Old English records

    The compound joins cynn with an affixoid meaning a condition or state associated with its first element.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  4. 04
    kinrede / kindrede and the decline of X-RÆDENNO SINGLE PIN

    Middle English records

    The compound loses the suffix ending, the broader formation competes with -ship, -hood, and -dom, and an intrusive d appears between n and r.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  5. 05
    kindred as relatives and as related ancestry, origin, nature, or characterNO SINGLE PIN

    Global English

    The noun survives as relatives or a family group; attributive use yields the adjective and later similarity senses while the old suffix is no longer transparent.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
171

REVIEWED WORD JOURNEY

king

OPEN DOSSIER ↗
5STAGES0HONEST PINS5NO SINGLE PIN
  1. 01
    *ǵenh₁- and suffixed zero gradeNO SINGLE PIN

    Indo-European comparative horizon

    The reviewed trail begins in a reconstructed birth-and-generation family whose derivatives name lineage and kin.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  2. 02
    *kunja- plus *-inga-/*-unga-NO SINGLE PIN

    Proto-Germanic linguistic horizon

    A lineage noun and person-forming suffix produce the reconstructed king title; Germanic contact also lends an archaic form into Finnic.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  3. 03
    cyningNO SINGLE PIN

    Old English records

    Pre-Old-English i-umlaut fronts u to y, and Old English records the inherited ruler title.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  4. 04
    king, kyng, kining, and cining formsNO SINGLE PIN

    Middle English records

    Disyllabic and syncopated spellings coexist before the contracted king form stabilizes.

    1 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  5. 05
    king as monarch and extended supremacy termNO SINGLE PIN

    Global English

    The inherited title expands into chess, cards, checkers, preeminence, and verbal uses while remaining the ordinary monarch word.

    1 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
147

REVIEWED WORD JOURNEY

lady

OPEN DOSSIER ↗
4STAGES1HONEST PINS3NO SINGLE PIN
  1. 01
    Old English hlǣfdigeNO SINGLE PIN

    Early English linguistic horizon

    Loaf and a kneading element combine in a household designation.

    1 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  2. 02
    hlǣfdige to ladyregional placement

    Medieval England

    Contraction makes the two historical components opaque.

    1 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  3. 03
    lady before the 12th centuryNO SINGLE PIN

    English-speaking world

    The rank and household word is recorded in English.

    1 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  4. 04
    modern ladyNO SINGLE PIN

    Global English

    Rank, politeness, and gendered reference spread globally.

    1 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
087

REVIEWED WORD JOURNEY

law

OPEN DOSSIER ↗
4STAGES2HONEST PINS2NO SINGLE PIN
  1. 01
    reconstructed *legh- stageNO SINGLE PIN

    Indo-European linguistic horizon

    The lie-and-lay root is reconstructed from reflexes; no single archaeological point or exact calendar interval is claimed.

    1 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  2. 02
    approximately 700–1500broad placement

    Scandinavia and the Old Norse world

    Old Norse lag and lög connect laying and order with law before and during Scandinavian contact with English.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  3. 03
    before the 12th centuryregional placement

    Anglo-Saxon England

    Old English lagu enters the written lexicographic record as a Scandinavian-origin law-word.

    1 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  4. 04
    Middle English continuation–todayNO SINGLE PIN

    Global English

    Law expands from binding custom and rule to institutions, professions, bodies of law, and regular scientific principles.

    2 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
094

REVIEWED WORD JOURNEY

lay

OPEN DOSSIER ↗
4STAGES2HONEST PINS2NO SINGLE PIN
  1. 01
    reconstructed lie-and-lay rootNO SINGLE PIN

    Indo-European linguistic horizon

    The verb reaches reconstructed *legh-; no single archaeological point or exact interval is claimed.

    1 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  2. 02
    before the 12th centuryregional placement

    Anglo-Saxon England

    Old English lecgan supplies the inherited transitive set-down verb.

    1 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  3. 03
    approximately 1150–1500regional placement

    Middle English England

    Leggen and leyen continue the Old English verb toward modern lay.

    1 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
  4. 04
    1500–todayNO SINGLE PIN

    Global English

    Lay remains the transitive set-down verb while unrelated noun and adjective homonyms continue on their own histories.

    1 DIRECT CITATIONS ↗
03

WHAT THIS MAP CAN AND CANNOT CLAIM

GEOGRAPHIC HONESTY IS PART OF THE DATA.

REGIONAL

A defensible cultural or linguistic region can be plotted, but the point summarizes an area rather than an exact address.

APPROXIMATE

A reconstructed homeland or contact zone is placed only as a broad visual orientation and uses a distinct dashed marker.

BROAD / GLOBAL

A distributed network, era, or world language has no honest single coordinate. It remains in the sequence and off the map.

TIME BOUNDS

Directly cited stages may carry exact, range, century, circa, open, or before bounds. Unbounded prose stays unparsed.

SOURCE FRONTIER

959 stages have claim-level citations and 578 have defensible numeric bounds. Every uncited or unbounded stage remains visible unfinished work.