GRAPH-WIDE SEARCH
MEASURE THE GRAPH ↗NOT JUST A DICTIONARY LOOKUP
6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONSSEARCH
THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
013
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounexact headword
shah
The Persian title for a king or sovereign, borrowed into English in the sixteenth century.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb · nounexact historical form
check
To verify, restrain, mark, or issue a bank draft today; a word whose oldest English history begins with a threatened king in chess.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounexact historical form
chess
The board game whose English name arrives through French chess vocabulary, with competing scholarly accounts of the deeper Persian and Arabic route.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗024
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
●
Present-Day English / Indo-European
shah
a sovereign of Iran
- DATE
- 1566–today
- MATCH
- exact historical form
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Classical Arabic / Afro-Asiatic
šāh
shāhking; the king in chess
- DATE
- early Islamic chess vocabulary
- MATCH
- exact historical form
- DOSSIERS
- 2
Persian / Indo-European
šāh
shāhking, sovereign
- DATE
- New Persian
- MATCH
- exact historical form
- DOSSIERS
- 3
Middle Persian / Indo-European
šāh
king, sovereign
- DATE
- Middle Persian
- MATCH
- exact historical form
- DOSSIERS
- 3
033
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 2
openproposedexact word
Is the deepest root of xšāyaθiyā settled?
No. Merriam-Webster publishes the traditional *tkeH- comparison and records a materially different LIV derivation from *h₃ekʷ-.
resolvedestablishedexact word
Did the English word shah produce check?
No. English shah and English check are cousins: both reach back independently to Persian šāh, while check travels through chess, Arabic, and French.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 1
RANK 151GRADE Aexact ranked word
The king is still hiding inside check.
English shah directly borrows the Persian royal title. A much longer route through chess vocabulary carries that same king-word into English check and its later restraint, verification, and banking senses.
041
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
051
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.