*SET-U

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6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONS

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THE GRAPH.

Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.

WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT

Imported dictionary evidence

SOURCE-IMPORTED · UNREVIEWED

These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.

35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset

PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL

2 source sections across 2 headwords matching “testa”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.

Open the permanent entry for testa →Open the permanent entry for Testa →
testaEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
TestaEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text

From Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Extraction source · CC-BY-SA-4.0. Selected source text is reformatted for display; language and section identity are retained.

Source dump: 2026-10-01 · Extraction: 2026-10-30. These dates identify a dump snapshot, not an individual page revision.

Snapshot checksums and coverage
SOURCE SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
CORPUS SHA-256
c4c2a77325141846709230e11c2959332acd630d53e52905b72d36211251b081
IMPORT RUN
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
SUBSET SELECTION
English-only: shortest normalized query first, then binary lexical order; complete word-language and case-variant groups only. This is a bounded online subset, not the full acquired corpus.

INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY

More sources for this spelling

These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.

Browse the independently attributed sources →
20REVIEWED RESULTS
1WORD DOSSIERS
0HISTORICAL NODES
0SOURCES
13CLAIMS
6WITNESSES
01

MODERN ENTRY POINTS

WORD DOSSIERS

1
02

ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY

HISTORICAL FORMS

0

No reviewed record in this collection contains “testa.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.

03

WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED

CLAIMS & DISPUTES

13

SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12

openproposedposition text

Does friend securely descend from exactly *prī-?

It is a published Indo-European comparison, not direct attestation. The Germanic and Old English stages are firmer than the deepest displayed root.

resolvedestablishedposition text

Was -logy a freestanding ancestral word?

No evidence reviewed here supports that representation. Merriam-Webster calls -logy a noun combining form and explains that a hyphenated entry is a word element forming part of a compound; the historical forms are likewise evidenced within larger formations. The unrelated adjective logy “sluggish” has a different history.

resolvedestablishedposition text

Was algorithm first used in 1699 or 1926?

Both dates describe different editorial claims. Oxford/MacTutor reports the spelling in 1699 for numeral calculation; Merriam-Webster gives 1926 for the currently defined finite-procedure sense.

resolvedprobableposition text

Can context assign a reading in every cited passage?

Context can support many readings, as eDIL's translations show, but the entry expressly says texts may be capable of either meaning according to context and some records remain un-translated or tentative.

resolvedestablishedposition text

Does definite singular fienden always mean the Devil?

No. Historical religious contexts can use Fienden that way, but SO also notes definite singular in ordinary military use. Grammar alone cannot choose the referent.

resolvedestablishedposition text

Were the medieval and early-modern witness objects directly inspected?

No. This review inspected dictionary records and a scanned etymological dictionary page, not the Skåne-Lagen manuscript, Söderwall’s underlying medieval objects, or the cited early-modern print pages.

resolvedestablishedposition text

Are A, B, and Carolinus witnesses separate lexical usage events?

They are separate surviving manuscript tokens, but duplicate witnesses of one passage cannot be counted as independent acts of historical usage.

resolvedestablishedposition text

Are Fiende, Fiænde, Finde, Fînde, and Fiend separate words?

Not in the reviewed articles. They are treated as surface and scansion variants of the same lexical family.

resolvedestablishedposition text

Does ONP contain prose citations for fjá?

No. The public ONP lemma marks the word poetic and displays zero citations across every expected prose genre.

resolvedestablishedposition text

Is the possible runic inscription shown on modern dictionary pages a historical attestation?

No. It is a generated transliteration widget, not a cited inscription, object, shelfmark, or manuscript record.

resolvedestablishedposition text

Does the 960 poetic date identify the oldest manuscript token?

No. It is a source-reported composition date. Surviving manuscript copies may be later, and none is directly inspected here.

resolvedestablishedposition text

Does the Beowulf quotation prove the first use of friend?

No. It is one source-reported Old English textual witness, not a birth certificate for the word or its earliest surviving physical token.

CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 1

RANK 41GRADE Aranked reveal

The enemy fossil and the living hate verb coexisted in Old High German.

AWB records fîên as a weak verb only in eighth- and ninth-century Alemannic manuscripts, but the pocket preserves an infinitive, present participle, preterite, and past participle across hate, hostility, detestation, and rejection. Beside it, fîant was already a strong masculine enemy noun whose old participial character could still shine through in fixed phrases. Old High German therefore preserves both sides of the history at once: the live verbal family and the noun already lexicalized from it. The evidence reveals a grammatical relationship, not the psychology of every enemy and not a securely recovered Proto-Indo-European essence.

04

BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES

SOURCES

0

No reviewed record in this collection contains “testa.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.

05

FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS

ATTESTATION WITNESSES

6
06

SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF

EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.

Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.