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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL3 source sections across 2 headwords matching “tam”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
tamEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Ellipsis of tam o'shanter.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗tamEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
From the Cantonese pronunciation of 擔 /担.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗TamEnglish (en) · Etymology 2Source text
Borrowed from Cantonese 譚／谭 (taam4), Cantonese 談／谈 (taam4), etc.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Lewis’s Elementary Latin Dictionary
1890 American Book Company edition; pinned Perseus XML digitization015
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
adjective · noun · verbhistorical-form prefix
kapu
A Hawaiian word for what is prohibited, sacred, consecrated, or set apart, continuing the Oceanic tapu family through the characteristic Hawaiian *t to k sound change.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noun · adjective · verbhistorical-form prefix
taboo
An English borrowing recorded in 1777 from Tongan tabu, now tapu, within an Oceanic family whose reconstructed form joins ritual restriction with sacredness.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗stative · modifier · nounhistorical-form prefix
tapu
A Māori word for what is sacred, prohibited, restricted, set apart, or under atua protection, inherited within the wider Oceanic *tampu family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old High German weak-verb citation formdossier summary
hazzōn
An Old High German citation form in the inherited Germanic hate-verb family, printed beside hazzēn and spelling variants hazēn, hazōn, haʒʒēn, and haʒʒōn. Starling’s source record dates hazzēn to the eighth century and hazzōn to the ninth; Duden and Grimm’s DWB group the ēn and ōn forms in the history of German hassen. Corpus-wide research independently shows that some Old High German class-III ēn verbs also occur with class-II ōn forms, but the accessible abstract does not establish that hazzōn is one of its twenty repeatedly attested double forms. DWB reports haʒôn aligned with Latin aemulari and the forms hatamas and hatent with insequamur and insequuntur. Those reports support an action range involving following or hostile pursuit; they are not directly inspected manuscript tokens. Pokorny’s account, as transmitted by Starling, explicitly warns that the Germanic evidence does not prove “pursue” was the root’s basic meaning. The route therefore distinguishes the normalized headword, the combined historical variants, the reconstructed Germanic weak verb and noun family, the qualified Indo-European comparison, and the point where knowledge ends.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
trust
Assured reliance, confidence, or responsibility; probably entering Middle English from Scandinavian material meaning confidence and firmness.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗022
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
036
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 2
resolvedestablishedposition text
Could the Old High German verb express following or hostile pursuit?
Yes in the reviewed lexical reports. DWB aligns haʒôn with aemulari and hatamas and hatent with forms of insequi; Duden independently says the older verb also meant pursue.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did English taboo come from Māori tapu?
No. Merriam-Webster identifies Tongan tabu as the English donor. Māori tapu is a related Oceanic reflex, not the borrowing source.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 4
RANK 145GRADE Aranked reveal
English taboo did not come from Māori tapu.
Māori tapu and English taboo meet deeper in the Oceanic family. English borrowed the Tongan reflex; Māori independently preserves sacredness, prohibition, restriction, and atua protection.
RANK 146GRADE Aranked reveal
The k in kapu is a fossilized sound change.
Hawaiian kapu and Māori tapu are not misspellings of one another: Hawaiian regularly changed inherited *t toward k while preserving the sacred and prohibited semantic field.
RANK 153GRADE Aranked reveal
Trust is confidence made firm.
The likely Scandinavian noun belongs to a Germanic family of firmness and faith. Its exact Old Norse donor remains probable rather than certain.
RANK 159GRADE Aranked reveal
It did not begin as merely “forbidden.”
Tongan and reconstructed Oceanic evidence joins prohibition and ritual restriction with sacredness and consecration.
040
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “tam.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
056
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Skriptamál Ólafar Loftsdóttur
hata / hata / document dated 1479; surviving JS 308 copy c1750
ONP citation — hata in Diplomatarium Islandicum VI 242reporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Swedish New Testament, Matthew 5:43
fiende / fiende / 1526
Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDEreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Swedish New Testament, 1 Peter 5:8
fiende / fiende / 1526
Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDEreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Qajaq. Inoqarfinni tamani
qajaq / qajaq / 1987 qajaq terminology record
Qajaq-termsreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Graff lexical record aligned with Latin insequamur
haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn / hassen / Old High German record, source-reported
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hassenwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SOURCE REPORTEDlexical corpus record
Graff lexical record aligned with Latin insequamur
haʒʒēn / haʒʒōn / hazzōn / Old High German lexical record, source-reported
Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm — hassenwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗06
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