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Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL2 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Testa”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
TestaEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Borrowed from Italian Testa.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗testaEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Borrowed from Latin testa.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
No reviewed record in this collection contains “testa.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
Does friend securely descend from exactly *prī-?
It is a published Indo-European comparison, not direct attestation. The Germanic and Old English stages are firmer than the deepest displayed root.
Was -logy a freestanding ancestral word?
No evidence reviewed here supports that representation. Merriam-Webster calls -logy a noun combining form and explains that a hyphenated entry is a word element forming part of a compound; the historical forms are likewise evidenced within larger formations. The unrelated adjective logy “sluggish” has a different history.
Was algorithm first used in 1699 or 1926?
Both dates describe different editorial claims. Oxford/MacTutor reports the spelling in 1699 for numeral calculation; Merriam-Webster gives 1926 for the currently defined finite-procedure sense.
Can context assign a reading in every cited passage?
Context can support many readings, as eDIL's translations show, but the entry expressly says texts may be capable of either meaning according to context and some records remain un-translated or tentative.
Does definite singular fienden always mean the Devil?
No. Historical religious contexts can use Fienden that way, but SO also notes definite singular in ordinary military use. Grammar alone cannot choose the referent.
Were the medieval and early-modern witness objects directly inspected?
No. This review inspected dictionary records and a scanned etymological dictionary page, not the Skåne-Lagen manuscript, Söderwall’s underlying medieval objects, or the cited early-modern print pages.
Are A, B, and Carolinus witnesses separate lexical usage events?
They are separate surviving manuscript tokens, but duplicate witnesses of one passage cannot be counted as independent acts of historical usage.
Are Fiende, Fiænde, Finde, Fînde, and Fiend separate words?
Not in the reviewed articles. They are treated as surface and scansion variants of the same lexical family.
Does ONP contain prose citations for fjá?
No. The public ONP lemma marks the word poetic and displays zero citations across every expected prose genre.
Is the possible runic inscription shown on modern dictionary pages a historical attestation?
No. It is a generated transliteration widget, not a cited inscription, object, shelfmark, or manuscript record.
Does the 960 poetic date identify the oldest manuscript token?
No. It is a source-reported composition date. Surviving manuscript copies may be later, and none is directly inspected here.
Does the Beowulf quotation prove the first use of friend?
No. It is one source-reported Old English textual witness, not a birth certificate for the word or its earliest surviving physical token.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 1
The enemy fossil and the living hate verb coexisted in Old High German.
AWB records fîên as a weak verb only in eighth- and ninth-century Alemannic manuscripts, but the pocket preserves an infinitive, present participle, preterite, and past participle across hate, hostility, detestation, and rejection. Beside it, fîant was already a strong masculine enemy noun whose old participial character could still shine through in fixed phrases. Old High German therefore preserves both sides of the history at once: the live verbal family and the noun already lexicalized from it. The evidence reveals a grammatical relationship, not the psychology of every enemy and not a securely recovered Proto-Indo-European essence.
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “testa.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
CNRTL historical first-attestation report for French ethimologie
ethimologie / étymologie / c. 1175
Étymologie: étymologiereporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗Swedish New Testament, Matthew 5:43
fiende / fiende / 1526
Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDEreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗Swedish New Testament, 1 Peter 5:8
fiende / fiende / 1526
Svenska Akademiens ordbok — FIENDEreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗CNRTL historical-attestation report for French étymologique
étymologique / étymologique / c. 1550
Étymologique — Trésor de la langue française informatiséreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗CNRTL historical first-attestation report for French étymon
étymon / étymon / 1892
Étymon — Trésor de la langue française informatiséreporting source / OPEN RECORD ↗Esther 14:15 gloss, infinitive
fīēn / fīēn / eighth- or ninth-century Alemannic gloss; source-reported
Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch — fîênwitness excerpt / OPEN RECORD ↗SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.