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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL3 source sections across 3 headwords matching “Roc”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
Open the permanent entry for Roc →Open the permanent entry for ROC →Open the permanent entry for roc →
RocEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Orthographic clipping of Rochester, where pronunciation of /k/ is based on the spelling of ⟨c⟩.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗ROCEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
This section has no extracted narrative. Its source may contain templates or descendants; no ancestry has been inferred from them here.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗rocEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
From Spanish rocho, ruc, from Arabic رُخّ (ruḵḵ), from Classical Persian رُخ (rux).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →0112
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nounhistorical form
algorism
The older English word for calculation with Hindu-Arabic numerals, transmitted through French and Medieval Latin from the name al-Khwārizmī.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
algorithm
A finite or stepwise procedure, descended through medieval arithmetic vocabulary from the Latinized name of al-Khwārizmī.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗verb and adjectivedossier summary
direct
To guide, aim, command, or proceed without deviation or intermediary; continuing Latin dīrēctus and dīrigere through distinct medieval channels.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
guest
A person receiving hospitality, inherited through Old English from the Germanic branch of reconstructed *ghos-ti-.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old Norse weak verbcontrarian claim
hata
Old Norse hata is not only a medieval label for an inward feeling. The Dictionary of Old Norse Prose structures 101 prose citations under four active senses before its participial and reflexive branches: persecute; despise, reject, or cast aside; mock or humiliate; and hate, despise, or stand hostile toward. That ordering is a lexicographic analysis, not a chronology of semantic change. Fritzner independently begins with pursue or seek to destroy, continues through damage or destruction, and only then gives hate opposed to love. Zoëga likewise preserves poetic damage or destruction beside ordinary hate, while Cleasby and Vigfússon record active, reflexive, reciprocal, participial, and disputed poetic uses. Lexicon Poeticum displays eleven linked rows, including variants, damage, destruction, persecution, loathing, haters, and the gold-spending formula, but warns that its concordance has not been reviewed and that dates need checking. A c1200 scan of Holm perg 15 4°, folio 89v, was directly inspected against ONP's diplomatic transcription and visibly preserves hata in the line Elſcaþu hréinlife oc hata engi maɴ. All other rows remain source-reported. The generated possible runic inscriptions on modern dictionary transcriptions are excluded, and no exact historical pronunciation is invented.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
hospice
A program or facility for palliative care, historically a lodging or shelter for travelers, the poor, or the infirm.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
hospital
A medical institution whose name first referred to guest accommodation and charitable lodging, through Medieval Latin hospitāle.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
hospitality
The reception and care of guests, inherited through French from the Latin reciprocal host-and-guest family.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗noundossier summary
host
A person who receives guests, borrowed through Anglo-French from Latin hospes, a word that could name either side of a reciprocal hospitality relationship.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
hostel
A lodging place, especially an inexpensive dormitory-style accommodation, continuing the older hospitality branch shared with hospital and hotel.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivecontrarian claim
hostile
Enemy-like or antagonistic, borrowed through French and Latin from hostīlis, built on Latin hostis “stranger; enemy.”
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
hostis
The Latin word for an outsider or public enemy, preserving the historical semantic turn from foreign stranger to armed opponent.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗024
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
*
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*ghos-pot-
guest-master; person embodying a reciprocal hospitality relationship
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European prehistory
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 6
Proto-Indo-European / Indo-European
*ghos-ti-
stranger, guest, host; person with reciprocal duties of hospitality
- DATE
- Proto-Indo-European prehistory
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 9
Present-Day English / Indo-European
algorism
calculation with Hindu-Arabic numerals; an arithmetic rule or procedure
- DATE
- early 13th century–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
Present-Day English / Indo-European
algorithm
a numeral procedure; later a finite stepwise procedure
- DATE
- 1699–today
- MATCH
- gloss
- DOSSIERS
- 1
0318
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 6
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was algorithm first used in 1699 or 1926?
Both dates describe different editorial claims. Oxford/MacTutor reports the spelling in 1699 for numeral calculation; Merriam-Webster gives 1926 for the currently defined finite-procedure sense.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is hatask a separate unrelated verb?
No on the reviewed evidence. ONP and Cleasby treat the middle-voice, reflexive, and reciprocal constructions inside the hata paradigm.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Could Latin hospes mean both host and guest?
Yes. The reciprocal hospitality relationship allowed the same participant to receive hospitality on one occasion and return it on another.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Could hospes mean both host and guest?
Yes. Latin hospes and its descendants reflect reciprocal hospitality in which the same participant could receive hospitality and later return it.
resolvedprobableposition text
How did a reciprocal stranger become an enemy?
Early Latin hostis referred to a foreigner or legally recognized outsider before later Roman usage restricted it to a hostile outsider or enemy.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did realm always mean any abstract sphere?
No. Its oldest reported English horizon is kingdom; sphere, domain, and biogeographic meanings are extensions.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 12
RANK 1GRADE Aranked reveal
A stranger became both guest and enemy.
The reciprocal outsider behind guest and host also became Latin hostis, “enemy.”
RANK 43GRADE Aranked reveal
Old Norse hate was action, contempt, humiliation, and feeling inside one verb.
ONP's 101-citation prose article orders four active senses before its participial and reciprocal branches: persecute; despise, reject, or cast aside; mock or humiliate; and hate, despise, or stand hostile. Fritzner independently moves from pursuit and destruction to ordinary hate. A c1200 manuscript leaf visibly writes hata in a command to love chastity and hate no person. The article's sense order is not a chronology, and the poetic concordance is explicitly unreviewed; the reveal is the documented semantic range, not an invented first essence.
RANK 89GRADE Aranked reveal
The host could also be the guest.
Latin hospes carried reciprocal host-and-guest roles. The opposition feels fixed in modern English, but the historical hospitality relationship could reverse when obligations were returned.
RANK 90GRADE Aranked reveal
Guest and hostile share a stranger.
Germanic guest and Latin hostis remain separate branches until reconstructed *ghos-ti-. One branch preserved the visitor; the Latin branch developed the outsider and enemy family.
RANK 91GRADE Aranked reveal
A hospital was hospitality before medicine.
The English record begins with lodging and charitable shelter. The medical institution developed inside an older guest-care family rather than naming medicine from the start.
RANK 105GRADE Aranked reveal
A rule was a straightedge.
Latin rēgula named a straightedge or ruler as well as a principle. English authority and procedure descend through that concrete measuring branch.
RANK 150GRADE Aranked reveal
Hotel and hospital are siblings, not parent and child.
French hôtel continues Old French hostel, while hospital follows a related learned route through the same Latin guest-accommodation family. English hotel is not simply a shortening of English hospital.
RANK 160GRADE Aranked reveal
Hospitality contains both host and guest.
Latin hospes could name either participant in reciprocal hospitality; the modern practice descends from a relationship, not just the host's action.
RANK 163GRADE Aranked reveal
The enemy was once the stranger.
Older Latin hostis named a foreigner or legally recognized outsider. Roman authors themselves explain how usage narrowed toward the armed or public enemy.
RANK 173GRADE Aranked reveal
Hostel is older than the modern hotel story.
Hostel, hotel, and hospital are doublets from Latin guest lodging. Hostel preserves the older-looking French form; it is not a recent clipping of hotel.
RANK 176GRADE Aranked reveal
Hospice began as hospitality, not terminal care.
English hospice first named lodging, especially a religious guesthouse. Palliative care is a later specialization of the same shelter-and-care history.
RANK 190GRADE Aranked reveal
Algorithm began as a person's geographic name.
Al-Khwārizmī—“the man from Khwārizm”—became Medieval Latin arithmetic, then modern procedure.
040
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “roc.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
050
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “roc.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.