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THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Reuse”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
reuseEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Etymology tree Proto-Italic *wre- Latin re-der. Old French re-bor. Middle English re- English re- English use English reuse From re- + use.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →013
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
German masculine noundossier summary
Hass
The modern German noun for intense aversion, rejection, or hostility toward a person, group, or institution. Duden traces Middle and Old High German haʒ to suffering, sorrow, and resentment and records the 1996 spelling change from Haß to Hass. DWDS/Pfeifer reports the Old High German noun from the eighth century and places it in the Germanic family of Old Saxon heti, Old English hete, Old Norse hatr, Gothic hatis, and related forms. Grimm’s DWB preserves a more complicated semantic record: hostile pursuit or action, anger expressed in deeds, ordinary hostile disposition, and even measured rivalry during friendly competition. The reviewed route reuses *hatiz- and the qualified *ḱh₂d-es- / *ḱeh₂d- comparison, then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Old English strong masculine nd-stem noundossier summary
frēond
Old English frēond is the directly attested source-language noun behind modern friend. OED analyzes it as an inherited strong masculine agent noun in -nd, ultimately a noun use of the present participle of the Germanic base behind free, and documents West Saxon frēond, Northumbrian and Kentish frīond, Kentish frīand, mutated frīend and frȳnd, endingless plurals, and re-formed frēondas. Bosworth–Toller prints freónd and friónd, explicitly links freónde loving to freón or freógan, and supplies examples for companion, ally, relation, friend of God, friend versus foe, and friends acting as arbitrators. OED independently preserves close companion, non-enemy, ally, and kinsman senses in Old English. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV folio 152r was directly inspected at Beowulf 1018, where the pixels visibly preserve freondum in Heorot innan wæs freondum afylled. The route reuses the reviewed *frijōnd-, *frī-, and proposed *prī- nodes and then stops. The displayed pronunciation is a normalized approximation, not a recorded voice.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Dutch masculine de-noundossier summary
vriend
Dutch vriend continues Middle Dutch vrient and Old Dutch friunt. EWN identifies Old Dutch records around 1100 and derives the word from Proto-Germanic *frijōnd-, the old present participle of *frijōn-, to love; WNT and MNW independently preserve the participial analysis and a much wider historical sense field including companion, relative, ally, patron, lover, address, mediator, and supporter. The modern spelling has one syllable and the pronunciation /vrint/; historical vrind and vrund variants prevent spelling from being mistaken for unchanged sound. The graph reuses the same reviewed *frijōnd-, *frī-, and proposed *prī- nodes as English friend and German Freund, then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗020
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
No reviewed record in this collection contains “reuse.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
038
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 7
openprobableposition text
Is the exact Proto-Germanic noun *hatiz- or *hataz?
The noun is reconstructed, and published notation reflects stem alternation and analytical choices. Koch prints *hataz ~ *hatiz- while the atlas reuses the shared *hatiz- node.
openproposedposition text
Is the PIE salt root written *sal- or *séh₂l-?
Both appear in the reviewed references at different representational resolutions. SET-U reuses *séh₂l- as the canonical dossier node and records *sal- as an alternative notation, not a second word.
openproposedposition text
Is *setu-mo- the certain ancestor of ἔτυμος?
No. The analysis is serious and published, but the exact morphology and wider *set-u- family remain debated.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does dough descend from lady or lady from dough?
Neither. The dough noun and lady’s kneading component follow separate Germanic formations that meet at *dheigh-.
resolvedprobableposition text
Was Swedish fiende borrowed from Danish, German, Dutch, or English?
No borrowing is established. Old Swedish fiande or fiände belongs to the inherited Germanic set alongside Danish fjende, German Feind, Dutch vijand, and English fiend.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does English humiliate descend directly from dirt or English humus?
No. English humiliate passes through Late Latin humiliatus and humiliare, then Latin humilis. Humilis is formed from Latin humus; the modern English soil word is a separate later borrowing.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was Dutch vijand borrowed from German Feind or English fiend?
No borrowing is established. Old Dutch fīunt / fīant, German Feind, English fiend, Gothic fijands, and the Nordic forms are collateral inherited descendants.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 1
RANK 140GRADE Aranked reveal
A dime is literally a tenth.
The coin name reuses a medieval tenth-part word from Anglo-French and Latin decima. It sits in the same deep numeral family as decimal, decimate, December, and inherited English ten.
040
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “reuse.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
050
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “reuse.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.