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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCALNo exact match for “Parallel” in this partial English subset. That does not mean the full research corpus—or linguistic scholarship—has no record. Check the original dictionary entry ↗
INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →Parallel
No extractable etymology was found for this exact spelling. Open the original dictionary entry ↗
Read the complete entry and references ↗ · Contribute a cited dossier
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MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
Gothic class-I weak-verb lemmacontrarian claim
hatjan
A Gothic weak verb meaning hate, represented by exactly one verified corpus token: the present participle hatjandam in Matthew 5:44. Project Wulfila lemmatizes that token as class-I hatjan, while the parallel Luke 6:27 command uses class-III hatandans from hatan. Braune treats the two shapes as conjugational fluctuation; Orel and the current corpus keep distinct formations visible. The normalized infinitive, the written participle, and the reconstructed parent are therefore never collapsed.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗Dutch masculine de-nouncontrarian claim
vriend
Dutch vriend continues Middle Dutch vrient and Old Dutch friunt. EWN identifies Old Dutch records around 1100 and derives the word from Proto-Germanic *frijōnd-, the old present participle of *frijōn-, to love; WNT and MNW independently preserve the participial analysis and a much wider historical sense field including companion, relative, ally, patron, lover, address, mediator, and supporter. The modern spelling has one syllable and the pronunciation /vrint/; historical vrind and vrund variants prevent spelling from being mistaken for unchanged sound. The graph reuses the same reviewed *frijōnd-, *frī-, and proposed *prī- nodes as English friend and German Freund, then stops.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗020
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
No reviewed record in this collection contains “parallel.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
0315
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are Feind and Freund the same root with opposite meanings?
No. DWDS and DWB compare parallel fossilized participial morphology. The antonymy does not establish one verbal base or a single lexical root.
resolvedprobableposition text
Did one who hates lexicalize as enemy only inside High German?
No. Gothic, Old English, Old Frisian, Old Dutch, Old High German, and North Germanic parallels require an earlier Germanic formation.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are Freund and Feind the same root with opposite meanings?
No. Grimm explicitly contrasts the love verb behind Freund with the different hate verb behind Feind. Parallel agent morphology and antonymy do not establish cognacy.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are fiend and friend the same root with opposite meanings?
No. OED calls friend an antonym with a similar agent-noun formation. Similar morphology does not establish one lexical root.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is Swedish frände a cognate from the same lexical root?
Not on the cited evidence. SAOB and Hellquist compare fiende with frände with respect to formation; that morphological parallel does not make the two words descendants of one lexical root.
resolvedprobableposition text
Was the enemy noun lexicalized only inside Gothic?
No. Ayora Estevan argues for pre-Gothic, Proto-Germanic lexicalization because Old Norse, Faroese, Old English, Old Frisian, Old Dutch, and Old High German preserve parallel enemy nouns.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are friend and fiend the same root with opposite meanings?
No. OED says fiend shows a similar formation, but the two agent nouns are built on different verb bases. Parallel morphology does not establish cognacy.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are fiend and friend the same root with opposite meanings?
No. OED says friend is an antonym with a similar agent-noun formation. Similar morphology does not establish one lexical root or cognate pair.
resolvedprobableposition text
Did one who hates lexicalize as enemy only inside Old High German?
No. Gothic, Old English, Old Frisian, Old Dutch, Old Saxon, and North Germanic parallels require an earlier shared formation.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was guest borrowed from Latin hostis?
No. English guest continues the Germanic branch; Latin hostis is a parallel cognate branch that meets it at *ghos-ti-.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was English mouse borrowed from Latin mūs?
No. Old English mūs continues a Germanic branch; Latin mūs is a cognate parallel branch.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does true descend from tree?
No. True and tree are parallel descendants in different branches that meet at reconstructed *deru-; the modern tree noun is not a parent of true.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 3
RANK 29GRADE Aranked reveal
One Gothic hate verb survives once—in a command to do good to those who hate you.
Project Wulfila’s only verified hatjan token is hatjandam in Matthew 5:44, directly visible on Codex Argenteus folio 3v. A parallel “love your enemies” command in Luke 6:27 instead uses hatandans from class-III hatan. The translation gloss “hate” therefore hides a genuine grammatical and historical dispute.
RANK 52GRADE Aranked reveal
Friend and fiend are grammatical twins—but not cognates.
OED analyzes friend as a noun use of the present participle behind the Germanic free and love family, and it explicitly calls fiend a similar formation. Bosworth–Toller makes the Old English structure visible: freónd is the loving participle of freón, to free or love. The enemy word follows a different hate verb. The real unveiling is structural: one inherited agent noun is the loving one, the other the hating one or enemy, and parallel grammar must not be mistaken for one root splitting into moral opposites.
RANK 110GRADE Aranked reveal
Irish rí and Latin rēx are cousins, not copies.
Old Irish rí and genitive ríg descend from Proto-Celtic *rīx-s and *rīg-os, while Latin rēx follows the parallel Italic branch.
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BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “parallel.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
050
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “parallel.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
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Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.