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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL3 source sections across 2 headwords matching “Hole”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
HoleEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
Various origins: * English topographic surname for someone who lived by a depression, from Old English holh (“hole”), from Proto-West Germanic *hulwī, from Proto-Germanic *hulwiją. * Borrowed from Norwegian Hole, a habitational surname from Old Norse hóll (“round hill, mound”). * Shortened form of Dutch van Hole, a habitational surname from hol (“hole, depression, cavity”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗holeEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Etymology tree Proto-Germanic *hulaz Proto-Germanic *hulą Proto-West Germanic *hol Old English hol Middle English hole English hole Inherited from Middle English hole, hol, from Old English hol (“orifice, hollow place, cavity”), from Proto-West Germanic *hol (“hole”), from Proto-Germanic *hulą (“hollow space, cavity”), noun derivative of Proto-Germanic *hulaz (“hollow”), which is of uncertain ultimate origin. Related to hollow. Cognate with Dutch, Faroese, and Icelandic hol (“hole”), Danish hul (“hole”), Faroese, Icelandic, and Norn hola (“hole”), Norwegian Bokmål hol (“depression, hole, cavern”), Swedish hål (“hole”), French houle (“swell of water”). Compare unrelated Finnish kolo (“hole”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗holeEnglish (en) · Etymology 1Source text
Etymology tree Proto-Germanic *hulaz Proto-Germanic *hulą Proto-West Germanic *hol Old English hol Middle English hole English hole Inherited from Middle English hole, hol, from Old English hol (“orifice, hollow place, cavity”), from Proto-West Germanic *hol (“hole”), from Proto-Germanic *hulą (“hollow space, cavity”), noun derivative of Proto-Germanic *hulaz (“hollow”), which is of uncertain ultimate origin. Related to hollow. Cognate with Dutch, Faroese, and Icelandic hol (“hole”), Danish hul (“hole”), Faroese, Icelandic, and Norn hola (“hole”), Norwegian Bokmål hol (“depression, hole, cavern”), Swedish hål (“hole”), French houle (“swell of water”). Compare unrelated Finnish kolo (“hole”).
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Chambers (1908)
1908- HoleEnglish · e-38538-4324
Hole, hōl, n. a hollow place: a cavity: an opening in a solid body: a pit: a subterfuge: a means of escape: a difficult situation: a scrape: a place of hiding, a mean lodging, a secret room for some disreputable business
Read the full source record → - HoleEnglish · e-38538-4325
Hole, adj. (Spens.) whole.
Read the full source record →
015
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
nouncontrarian claim
hatred
A Middle English formation built from hate plus the fossilized native condition suffix -rede / -reden, with a secure Germanic hate family but a semantically difficult and explicitly disputed deeper Indo-European proposal.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
humiliation
The act, state, or instance of humiliating or being humiliated; degradation, disgrace, or shame.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nouncontrarian claim
rēx
The Latin third-declension noun for a king, ruler, chief, or leader, cited as rēx, rēgis and built on the bound stem rēg-.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗adjectivehistorical form
sincere
Genuine, honest, and free from pretense; borrowed from a Latin adjective of uncertain origin.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗nounhistorical form
ubuntu
A South African English borrowing associated with isiXhosa and isiZulu ubuntu “humanity, goodness,” morphologically connected to the human stem -ntu and, in Nguni analysis, an abstract-noun prefix ubu-.
OPEN THE FULL LINEAGE ↗022
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
0317
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 12
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is emoticon another name or etymology for emoji?
No. Emoticon is English emotion plus icon. Emoji is Japanese e “picture” plus moji “character.” They can depict overlapping things without sharing a word formation.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Did figure begin as a word only for numbers?
No. Its Latin and medieval fields include shape, form, likeness, symbol, and representation; numerical use is one branch of a wider history.
resolvedprobableposition text
Was English fiend borrowed from Danish fjende?
No. They are collateral inherited continuations; English specialized the demonic branch much more strongly.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do the three poetic verb records and 222 fjándi prose citations form a direct frequency comparison?
No. They come from different public corpora with different genres, coverage, editorial states, and counting rules.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are friend and fiend the same root with opposite meanings?
No. OED says fiend shows a similar formation, but the two agent nouns are built on different verb bases. Parallel morphology does not establish cognacy.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was the Devil the central meaning of fīant?
No. AWB separates personal, public or military, spiritual, and specifically Devil senses. The demonic branch is real but not the whole noun.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does not love mean that fīēn was merely mild dislike?
Not necessarily. AWB groups not love with hate and be hostile, while other records align the verb with odire and detestari.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was any underlying manuscript object directly inspected?
Yes, exactly one in this dossier: Holm perg 15 4° folio 89v. All other prose and poetic records remain source-reported.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is hatred the older or more original word?
No. Hate is inherited from Old English noun and verb material; hatred is a Middle English formation first reported in the 13th century. Its suffix names a condition rather than linguistic originality.
resolvedprobableposition text
Does hatis underlie Gothic hatjan and hatizōn?
Historical grammar derives class-I hatjan from the consonantal stem of hatis, and the University of Texas derivational table builds class-II hatizōn “be angry” directly on hatiz-. The separate class-III hatan remains a wider paradigm and reconstruction problem rather than a proved direct daughter of this noun.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was hatred already a whole word in Old English?
No reviewed source gives an Old English whole-word ancestor. The word is documented as a Middle English formation from hate plus -rede, with a 13th-century first-known-use horizon.
resolvedprobableposition text
Is Old High German hazzōn the same formation as Gothic hatizōn?
No such identity is established. Gothic hatizōn is explicitly analyzed as a class-II denominative from hatis through the stem hatiz-, while Orel places Old High German hazzōn under the *xatēnan ~ *xatōjanan alternatives. Similar normalized endings do not erase distinct immediate analyses.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 5
RANK 4GRADE Aranked reveal
Humility is an earth-and-lowness metaphor.
Latin humus “ground” produced humilis “low,” then humilitās “lowness,” before the moral virtue.
RANK 19GRADE Acontrarian claim
The x of rēx is a whole nominative sound change in one letter.
Latin starts from the bound stem rēg-, adds nominative -s, devoices g to k, and writes the resulting /ks/ as x. Genitive rēgis makes the stem visible—but it is a sibling case form, not an ancestor.
RANK 100GRADE Aranked reveal
True was steadfast before it was merely factual.
Old English trēowe meant faithful; its Germanic *treuwaz branch reaches reconstructed *deru- “firm, solid, steadfast; wood, tree.” Factual accuracy is real, but not the whole history.
RANK 169GRADE Acontrarian claim
Romance is not the whole prehistory of love.
The reconstructed love family spans a wider comparative field of desire, care, pleasure, and longing. Modern romantic love is one powerful branch, not a one-word prehistoric definition.
RANK 187GRADE Aranked reveal
It never meant “without wax.”
Latin sincerus is real; sine cera is beautiful nonsense.
040
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “hole.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
050
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “hole.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.