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WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCAL1 source section across 1 headword matching “Dup”. These are separate from the reviewed results below.
dupEnglish (en) · Unnumbered etymologySource text
From Middle English don up (“to open”), equivalent to a blend of do + up. Compare don, doff, dout, dub.
Original Wiktionary entry and references ↗INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →011
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
020
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
No reviewed record in this collection contains “dup.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
0312
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 11
openproposedposition text
Does the reduplicated form make *set-u- certain?
No. ἐτήτυμος is attested, but the *setu-mo- and *set-u- stages beneath ἔτυμος remain reconstructed and disputed.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do 42 candidate tokens measure spoken Gothic frequency?
No. They measure a bounded, fragmentary textual corpus with duplicate manuscript witnesses, biblical translation effects, and unresolved lemma assignments.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do 26 candidates measure spoken Gothic frequency?
No. They measure a bounded fragmentary textual corpus with biblical translation effects, ambiguous lemma assignments, and duplicate manuscript witnesses.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are A, B, and Carolinus witnesses separate lexical usage events?
They are separate surviving manuscript tokens, but duplicate witnesses of one passage cannot be counted as independent acts of historical usage.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Was friend always spelled friend?
No. OED and MED inventory friand, freond, frend, frind, vrend, freynd, frynd, and many further forms.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are frēond, frīond, and frīand separate ancestral words?
No separate lexemes are established here. OED treats them as dialectal reflexes: ēo chiefly West Saxon and Mercian, īo chiefly Northumbrian and Kentish, and īa Kentish unrounding.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do fēond, fīond, fīend, and fȳnd name separate words?
No. OED explains unmutated dialect forms and i-mutated inflectional forms inside one inherited paradigm, with later analogical remodeling.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are hatian “hate” and hátian “become hot” one word?
No. Bosworth–Toller lists separate headwords with different vowel quantity, meanings, examples, and Germanic comparisons. Modern typography that drops macrons can hide the distinction.
resolvedprobableposition text
Are the chase, hurry, and incitement senses separate homonyms?
The reviewed dictionaries treat them as senses of one inherited verb. The semantic bridge from making quarry or people move under pressure to hurrying and inciting is historically plausible, though the dossier does not invent exact dates for every transition.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are κῆδος and kêdos separate Ancient Greek lexemes?
No. Merriam-Webster uses the Latin-script transliteration kêdos for the same Greek noun that LSJ indexes as κῆδος.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is ἐτήτυμος a deeper ancestor of ἔτυμος?
No. LSJ classifies it as a poetic reduplicated form for ἔτυμος, not an older proto-form from which ἔτυμος descends.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 1
RANK 83GRADE Aranked reveal
The longer ancient word is not the deeper root.
LSJ calls ἐτήτυμος a poetic reduplication beside ἔτυμος. Extra syllables can be expressive morphology rather than archaeological depth.
040
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “dup.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
050
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
No reviewed record in this collection contains “dup.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
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