GRAPH-WIDE SEARCH
MEASURE THE GRAPH ↗NOT JUST A DICTIONARY LOOKUP
6 EVIDENCE COLLECTIONSSEARCH
THE GRAPH.
Find a modern word—or search sideways through reconstructed roots, historical forms, meanings, languages, scholars, sources, claims, disputes, and witnesses.
WIKTIONARY VIA KAIKKI / WIKTEXTRACT
Imported dictionary evidence
These are source reports, not reviewed *SET-U ancestry. A list of templates or numbered etymologies is not an ancestor chain. Scholarly disagreements remain in the original source text.
35,981 English word records · 45,491 etymology sections in this online subset
PARTIAL ENGLISH COVERAGE · FULL CORPUS REMAINS LOCALNo exact match for “Dialect” in this partial English subset. That does not mean the full research corpus—or linguistic scholarship—has no record. Check the original dictionary entry ↗
INDEPENDENT SOURCE LIBRARY
More sources for this spelling
These are spelling matches, not a claim of identical senses or agreement. Historical accounts retain their own editions and limits; none is automatically promoted into reviewed ancestry.
Browse the independently attributed sources →Dialect
No extractable etymology was found for this exact spelling. Open the original dictionary entry ↗
Read the complete entry and references ↗ · Contribute a cited dossier
011
MODERN ENTRY POINTS
WORD DOSSIERS
020
ATTESTED / RECONSTRUCTED / BOUNDARY
HISTORICAL FORMS
No reviewed record in this collection contains “dialect.” Absence describes this graph, not all of linguistic scholarship.
0311
WHERE INTERPRETATION IS TESTED
CLAIMS & DISPUTES
SCHOLARLY DISPUTES / 11
openprobableposition text
Can the exact pronunciation of frēond be heard or uniquely recovered?
No. The displayed IPA is a normalized scholarly approximation across written dialect evidence, not one recorded Old English voice.
openproposedposition text
Is hatia specifically East Old Frisian, West Old Frisian, or both?
The reviewed sources do not flatten the dialect evidence. Popkema marks hetia as West Lauwers, Corpus Oudfries places relevant records in West Old Frisian texts, while StarLing labels hatia East Frisian.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Can the pronunciation of Old English frēond and Proto-Germanic *frijōnd- be heard exactly?
No. Historical phonology supports normalized approximations, not audio recordings or one recoverable dialect realization.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are frēond, frīond, and frīand separate ancestral words?
No separate lexemes are established here. OED treats them as dialectal reflexes: ēo chiefly West Saxon and Mercian, īo chiefly Northumbrian and Kentish, and īa Kentish unrounding.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the fiógaþ manuscript variant establish exact Old English pronunciation?
No. A spelling variant supports textual variation but does not by itself fix one phonetic value across dialects, periods, and inflections.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Do fēond, fīond, fīend, and fȳnd name separate words?
No. OED explains unmutated dialect forms and i-mutated inflectional forms inside one inherited paradigm, with later analogical remodeling.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Are fiiant, fîjant, fiunt, fient, fiand, fiund, and fiend separate ancestry branches?
Not in AWB's article. They are form, spelling, dialectal, and inflectional records inside one headword history, with a few individual corrupt or ambiguous tokens separately flagged.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Can the exact Old High German pronunciation be recovered from the citation forms?
Not from the reviewed records alone. Quantity marks and consonant spellings encode scholarly analyses, but no audio exists and the dossier does not infer one dialect-neutral phonetic realization.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Is Doric κᾶδος a different etymological word?
No separate lexeme is established. LSJ prints it as the Doric form of κῆδος and cites it in Pindar.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Does the Ionic-Attic η beside Doric ā prove the whole Indo-European route?
No. The dialectal vowel pattern supports Greek-internal history, but it does not by itself establish the proposed root, suffix, or non-Greek cognates.
resolvedestablishedposition text
Can κῆδος be pinned to one exact birthplace?
No. The word spans dialects, genres, authors, and a long manuscript tradition. No reviewed evidence identifies one innovation point.
CONTRARIAN TRUTHS / 0
041
BOOKS / DICTIONARIES / ARTICLES / DATABASES
SOURCES
051
FIRST USES & HISTORICAL OBJECTS
ATTESTATION WITNESSES
06
SEARCH IS DISCOVERY, NOT PROOF
EVERY RESULT OPENS A PERMANENT EVIDENCE RECORD.
Matching text only locates a record. It does not raise confidence, settle a dispute, establish cognacy, or turn a source report into direct inspection. Follow the result into its citations and editorial limits.