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START / NODE 107Present-Day English1542–today
calculate
To determine mathematically or estimate, borrowed from a Latin family built around counting with pebbles.
“Calculation was physical before it was abstract: Latin calculus was a pebble used on a counting board.”OPEN COMPLETE WORD DOSSIER ↗
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01
PARENT ROUTES1 REVIEWED RELATIONSHIP
Present-Day Englishcalculate
to compute, determine, estimate, or plan
↑GO DEEPER
Medieval Latin · Late Latincalculātuscounted, reckoned, computed
- SOUND CHANGE
- English borrowed the learned participial stem with regular English stress and suffix treatment.
- SEMANTIC CHANGE
- Counting and reckoning broadened into estimation, intention, and deliberate planning.
- SCHOLAR
- Merriam-Webster editors
- CONFIDENCE
- established
- CHRONOLOGY
- First known English use: 1542.
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