Unnumbered source etymology
Original entry ↗verb
To work as a slaver, to enslave people. · To work hard. · To place a device under the control of another.
noun
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryA person who is held in servitude as the property of another person, and whose labor (and often also whose body and life) is subject to the owner's volition and control. · A drudge; one who labors or is obliged (e.g. by prior contract) to labor like a slave with limited rights, e.g. an indentured servant. · An abject person. · One who has no power of resistance to something, one who surrenders to or is under the domination of something.
Etymology tree substrateder.? Proto-Indo-European *ḱlewH-der.? Proto-Slavic *slov- Proto-Slavic *-ǫta Proto-Slavic *Slov-? Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ēnas Proto-Indo-European *-nós Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos Proto-Slavic *-inъ Proto-Slavic *-ěninъ Proto-Slavic *slověninъder. Ancient Greek Σκλαβηνός (Sklabēnós)der. Medieval Greek Σκλᾰ́βος (Sklắbos)bor. Late Latin Sclavus Medieval Latin sclavusbor. Old French esclavebor. Middle English sclave English slave Inherited from Middle English sclave, from Old French esclave, from Medieval Latin sclavus (“slave”), from Late Latin Sclavus (“Slav”), traditionally assumed to be because Slavs were often forced into slavery in the Middle Ages. The Latin word is from Medieval Greek Σκλάβος (Sklábos); see that entry and Slav for more. Displaced native Old English þēow. Thrall and bondsman/bondswoman, however, remain common synonyms. Doublet of ciao and Slav. An alternative hypothesis derives sclavus from Ancient Greek σκῡλεύω (skūleúō), σκῡλάω (skūláō, “to strip or despoil a slain enemy”).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
This page abbreviates 3 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:sclave",
"id": "person",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nsubstrateder.?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱlewH-der.?\nProto-Slavic *slov-\nProto-Slavic *-ǫta\nProto-Slavic *Slov-?\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ēnas\nProto-Indo-European *-nós\nProto-Indo-European *-iHnos\nProto-Slavic *-inъ\nProto-Slavic *-ěninъ\nProto-Slavic *slověninъder.\nAncient Greek Σκλαβηνός (Sklabēnós)der.\nMedieval Greek Σκλᾰ́βος (Sklắbos)bor.\nLate Latin Sclavus\nMedieval Latin sclavusbor.\nOld French esclavebor.\nMiddle English sclave\nEnglish slave\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*Slov-\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"gloss\" : \"Dnieper\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*slov-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"substrate\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"qfa-sub\" }, { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱlewH-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ǫta\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*Slovǫta\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"noun-forming suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Balto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ēnas\", \"lang\" : \"ine-bsl-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectives of materials\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal adjectives\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-nós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-iHnos\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-inъ\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*-ěninъ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Slavic\", \"term\" : \"*slověninъ\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"sla-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"Σκλαβηνός\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Medieval Greek\", \"term\" : \"Σκλᾰ́βος\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gkm\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Late Latin\", \"term\" : \"Sclavus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-lat\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"sclavus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-med\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"esclave\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"sclave\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"slave\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"person\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"slave\" id=\"English:_person\">"
},
{
"name": "yesno",
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I"
},
{
"name": "glossary",
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "sclave",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"lit": "",
"pos": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": "",
"id": "",
"sc": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"nocat": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English sclave"
},
{
"name": "inh+",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "sclave"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English sclave"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "esclave"
},
"expansion": "Old French esclave"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la-med",
"3": "sclavus",
"t": "slave"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin sclavus (“slave”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la-lat",
"3": "Sclavus",
"t": "Slav"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin Sclavus (“Slav”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gkm",
"3": "Σκλάβος"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Greek Σκλάβος (Sklábos)"
},
{
"name": "ncog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "þēow"
},
"expansion": "Old English þēow"
},
{
"name": "doublet",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ciao",
"3": "Slav"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of ciao and Slav"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "σκῡλεύω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σκῡλεύω (skūleúō)"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:sclave",
"id": "person",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nsubstrateder.?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱlewH-der.?\nProto-Slavic *slov-\nProto-Slavic *-ǫta\nProto-Slavic *Slov-?\nProto-Balto-Slavic *-ēnas\nProto-Indo-European *-nós\nProto-Indo-European *-iHnos\nProto-Slavic *-inъ\nProto-Slavic *-ěninъ\nProto-Slavic *slověninъder.\nAncient Greek Σκλαβηνός (Sklabēnós)der.\nMedieval Greek Σκλᾰ́βος (Sklắbos)bor.\nLate Latin Sclavus\nMedieval Latin sclavusbor.\nOld French esclavebor.\nMiddle English sclave\nEnglish slave"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*ḱlewH-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱlewH-"
],
[
"*-ǫta",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ǫta"
],
[
"*Slov-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/Slovǫta"
],
[
"*-ēnas",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/-ēnas#Proto-Balto-Slavic:_noun-forming_suffix"
],
[
"*-nós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-nós#Proto-Indo-European:_verbal_adjectives"
],
[
"*-iHnos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-iHnos#Proto-Indo-European:_adjectives_of_materials"
],
[
"*-inъ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-inъ#Proto-Slavic:_suffix"
],
[
"*-ěninъ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ěninъ"
],
[
"*slověninъ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/slověninъ"
],
[
"Σκλαβηνός",
"Σκλαβηνός#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"Σκλᾰ́βος",
"Σκλάβος#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"Sclavus",
"Sclavus#Latin"
],
[
"sclavus",
"sclavus#Latin"
],
[
"esclave",
"esclave#Old_French"
],
[
"sclave",
"sclave#Middle_English"
],
[
"sclave",
"sclave#Middle_English"
],
[
"esclave",
"esclave#Old_French"
],
[
"sclavus",
"sclavus#Latin"
],
[
"Sclavus",
"Sclavus#Latin"
],
[
"Slav",
"Slav"
],
[
"Σκλάβος",
"Σκλάβος#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"Slav",
"Slav#English"
],
[
"þēow",
"þeow#Old_English"
],
[
"Thrall",
"thrall#English"
],
[
"bondsman",
"bondsman#English"
],
[
"bondswoman",
"bondswoman#English"
],
[
"ciao",
"ciao#English"
],
[
"Slav",
"Slav#English"
],
[
"sclavus",
"sclavus#Latin"
],
[
"σκῡλεύω",
"σκυλεύω#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"σκῡλάω",
"σκυλάω#Ancient_Greek"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"To work as a slaver, to enslave people.",
"To work hard.",
"To place a device under the control of another."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
],
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"sourceRecordOrdinal": 150920
},
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"A person who is held in servitude as the property of another person, and whose labor (and often also whose body and life) is subject to the owner's volition and control.",
"A drudge; one who labors or is obliged (e.g. by prior contract) to labor like a slave with limited rights, e.g. an indentured servant.",
"An abject person.",
"One who has no power of resistance to something, one who surrenders to or is under the domination of something."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"recordId": "d32a3d89294d727c55375d5411f1c28d4bcd55cf4105134b832acf0bda7a0402",
"rawRecordSha256": "d808860beb90b3c71553d2b36021f99be9a42c37d342370d213636d3b8daa959",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 150919
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 3,
"glosses": 0
}
}