Etymology of open

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Unnumbered source etymology

Original entry ↗

adj

Able to have something pass through or along it. · Not covered, sealed, etc.; having an opening or aperture showing what is inside. · Not physically drawn together, folded or contracted. · Of a space, free of objects and obstructions.

noun

Open or unobstructed space; an exposed location. · Public knowledge or scrutiny; full view. · A defect in an electrical circuit preventing current from flowing. · A sports event in which anybody can compete, especially or originally irrespective of amateur or professional status.

verb

To make or become accessible or clear for passage by moving from a shut position. · To make or become clear by removal of objects and obstructions, so as to allow passage, access, or visibility. · To unseal or uncover, or become unsealed or uncovered. · To spread; to expand into a wider or looser position.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Adjective from Middle English open, from Old English open (“open”), from Proto-West Germanic *opan, from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”), from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“up from under, over”). Cognates * Scots apen (“open”) * Saterland Frisian eepen (“open”) * West Frisian iepen (“open”) * Cimbrian offe (“open”) * Dutch open (“open”) * German offen (“open”) * Vilamovian ufa, uffa (“open”) * Yiddish אָפֿן (ofn, “open”) * Danish åben (“open”) * Icelandic opinn (“open”) * Norwegian Bokmål åpen (“open”) * Norwegian Nynorsk open (“open”) * Swedish öppen (“open”) Compare also Latin supinus (“on one's back, supine”), Albanian hap (“to open”). Related to up. Verb from Middle English openen, from Old English openian (“to open”), from Proto-West Germanic *opanōn, from Proto-Germanic *upanōną (“to raise; lift; open”), from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”, adjective). Cognate with Saterland Frisian eepenje (“to open”), West Frisian iepenje (“to open”), Dutch openen (“to open”), German öffnen (“to open”), Danish åbne (“to open”), Swedish öppna (“to open”), Norwegian Bokmål åpne (“to open”), Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic opna (“to open”). Related to English up. Noun from Middle English open (“an aperture or opening”), from the verb. In the sports sense, however, a shortening of “open competition”.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inherited-form mentionopenenm
Inherited-form mentionopenang · open
Inherited-form mention*opangmw-pro
Inherited-form mention*upanazgem-pro · open
Derivation mention*upoine-pro · up from under, over
Cognate mentionapensco · open
Cognate mentioneepenstq · open
Cognate mentioniepenfy · open
Cognate mentionoffecim · open
Cognate mentionopennl · open
Cognate mentionoffende · open
Cognate mentionufawym
Cognate mentionאָפֿןyi · open
Cognate mentionåbenda · open
Cognate mentionopinnis · open
Cognate mentionåpennb · open
Cognate mentionopennn · open
Cognate mentionöppensv · open
Cognate mentionsupinusla · on one's back, supine
Cognate mentionhapsq · to open
Inherited-form mentionopenenenm
Inherited-form mentionopenianang · to open
Inherited-form mention*opanōngmw-pro
Inherited-form mention*upanōnągem-pro · to raise; lift; open
Derivation mention*upanazgem-pro · open
Cognate mentioneepenjestq · to open
Cognate mentioniepenjefy · to open
Cognate mentionopenennl · to open
Cognate mentionöffnende · to open
Cognate mentionåbneda · to open
Cognate mentionöppnasv · to open
Cognate mentionåpnenb · to open
Cognate mentionopnais · to open
Cognate mentionupen
Inherited-form mentionopenenm · an aperture or opening

This page abbreviates 58 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:open"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*ub\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*upp\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*upanaz\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*opan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"open\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"open\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"open\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"open\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English open"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "open",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English open (“open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*opan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *opan"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*upanaz",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*upo",
        "t": "up from under, over"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *upo (“up from under, over”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "col-top",
      "args": {
        "1": "2",
        "2": "cog"
      },
      "expansion": "Cognates"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "apen",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots apen (“open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "stq",
        "2": "eepen",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "Saterland Frisian eepen (“open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "iepen",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian iepen (“open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "cim",
        "2": "offe",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "Cimbrian offe (“open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "open",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch open (“open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "offen",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "German offen (“open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "wym",
        "2": "ufa"
      },
      "expansion": "Vilamovian ufa"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "yi",
        "2": "אָפֿן",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "Yiddish אָפֿן (ofn, “open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "åben",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish åben (“open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "opinn",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic opinn (“open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nb",
        "2": "åpen",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål åpen (“open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nn",
        "2": "open",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk open (“open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "öppen",
        "t": "open"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish öppen (“open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "supinus",
        "t": "on one's back, supine"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin supinus (“on one's back, supine”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sq",
        "2": "hap",
        "t": "to open"
      },
      "expansion": "Albanian hap (“to open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "openen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English openen"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "openian",
        "t": "to open"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English openian (“to open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*opanōn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *opanōn"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*upanōną",
        "t": "to raise; lift; open"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *upanōną (“to raise; lift; open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*upanaz",
        "t": "open",
        "pos": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”, adjective)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "stq",
        "2": "eepenje",
        "t": "to open"
      },
      "expansion": "Saterland Frisian eepenje (“to open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "iepenje",
        "t": "to open"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian iepenje (“to open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "openen",
        "t": "to open"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch openen (“to open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "öffnen",
        "t": "to open"
      },
      "expansion": "German öffnen (“to open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "åbne",
        "t": "to open"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish åbne (“to open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "öppna",
        "t": "to open"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish öppna (“to open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nb",
        "2": "åpne",
        "t": "to open"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål åpne (“to open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nn",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "opna",
        "t": "to open"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic opna (“to open”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "up"
      },
      "expansion": "English up"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "open",
        "t": "an aperture or opening"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English open (“an aperture or opening”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:open"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "open",
      "open#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "open",
      "open#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*opan",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/opan"
    ],
    [
      "*upanaz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/upanaz"
    ],
    [
      "*upo",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/upo"
    ],
    [
      "apen",
      "apen#Scots"
    ],
    [
      "eepen",
      "eepen#Saterland_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "iepen",
      "iepen#West_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "offe",
      "offe#Cimbrian"
    ],
    [
      "open",
      "open#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "offen",
      "offen#German"
    ],
    [
      "ufa",
      "ufa#Vilamovian"
    ],
    [
      "uffa",
      "uffa#Vilamovian"
    ],
    [
      "אָפֿן",
      "אָפֿן#Yiddish"
    ],
    [
      "åben",
      "åben#Danish"
    ],
    [
      "opinn",
      "opinn#Icelandic"
    ],
    [
      "åpen",
      "åpen#Norwegian_Bokmål"
    ],
    [
      "open",
      "open#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
    ],
    [
      "öppen",
      "öppen#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "supinus",
      "supinus#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "hap",
      "hap#Albanian"
    ],
    [
      "up",
      "up#English"
    ],
    [
      "openen",
      "openen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "openian",
      "openian#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*opanōn",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/opanōn"
    ],
    [
      "*upanōną",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/upanōną"
    ],
    [
      "*upanaz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/upanaz"
    ],
    [
      "eepenje",
      "eepenje#Saterland_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "iepenje",
      "iepenje#West_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "openen",
      "openen#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "öffnen",
      "öffnen#German"
    ],
    [
      "åbne",
      "åbne#Danish"
    ],
    [
      "öppna",
      "öppna#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "åpne",
      "åpne#Norwegian_Bokmål"
    ],
    [
      "opna",
      "opna#Icelandic"
    ],
    [
      "up",
      "up#English"
    ],
    [
      "open",
      "open#Middle_English"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "adj",
      "glosses": [
        "Able to have something pass through or along it.",
        "Not covered, sealed, etc.; having an opening or aperture showing what is inside.",
        "Not physically drawn together, folded or contracted.",
        "Of a space, free of objects and obstructions."
      ],
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    },
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "Open or unobstructed space; an exposed location.",
        "Public knowledge or scrutiny; full view.",
        "A defect in an electrical circuit preventing current from flowing.",
        "A sports event in which anybody can compete, especially or originally irrespective of amateur or professional status."
      ],
      "tags": [],
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    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To make or become accessible or clear for passage by moving from a shut position.",
        "To make or become clear by removal of objects and obstructions, so as to allow passage, access, or visibility.",
        "To unseal or uncover, or become unsealed or uncovered.",
        "To spread; to expand into a wider or looser position."
      ],
      "tags": [
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        "transitive"
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}

The source etymologies

Unnumbered source etymology

Relationships mentioned by the source

Where this record stops

Source and snapshot