Source etymology 1 · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗noun
A firm or paved beach or slope convenient for hauling vessels out of the water. · A tyre whose compound is softer than superhards, and harder than mediums. · Crack cocaine. · Hard labor.
adv
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryWith much force or effort. · With difficulty. · So as to raise difficulties. · Compactly.
From Middle English hard, from Old English heard, from Proto-West Germanic *hard(ī), from Proto-Germanic *harduz, from Proto-Indo-European *kort-ús, from *kret- (“strong, powerful”). Cognates Cognate with Yola hard (“hard”), West Frisian hurd (“hard”), Alemannic German hert (“hard”), Bavarian hoat (“hard”), Central Franconian haat (“hard”), Dutch hard (“hard”), German hart (“hard”), Luxembourgish haart (“hard”), Danish and Swedish hård (“hard”), Faroese and Icelandic harður (“hard”), Norwegian Bokmål hard (“hard”), Norwegian Nynorsk hard, hard’u (“hard”), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus, “hard”), Ancient Greek κρατύς (kratús, “strong, mighty”), Sanskrit क्रतु (krátu, “power, might, ability”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (xratu).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionhardenm
- Inherited-form mentionheardang
- Inherited-form mention*hard(ī)gmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*harduzgem-pro
- Cognate mentionhardyol · hard
- Cognate mentionhurdfy · hard
- Cognate mentionhertgsw · hard
- Cognate mentionhoatbar · hard
- Cognate mentionhaatgmw-cfr · hard
- Cognate mentionhardnl · hard
- Cognate mentionhartde · hard
- Cognate mentionhaartlb · hard
- Cognate mentionhardnb · hard
- Cognate mentionhardnn
- Cognate mention𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃got · hard
- Cognate mentionκρατύςgrc · strong, mighty
- Cognate mentionक्रतुsa · power, might, ability
- Cognate mention𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎ae
This page abbreviates 1 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:hard",
"id": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"strong\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*kret-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*harduz\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"-ed\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yos\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-jaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ī\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*hard(ī)\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"heard\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"hard\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"hard\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"adjective\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"hard\" id=\"English:_adjective\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Middle English hard"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "heard"
},
"expansion": "Old English heard"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*hard(ī)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *hard(ī)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*harduz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *harduz"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*kort-ús"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kort-ús"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "hard",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Yola hard (“hard”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "hurd",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian hurd (“hard”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": "hert",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Alemannic German hert (“hard”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "bar",
"2": "hoat",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Bavarian hoat (“hard”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gmw-cfr",
"2": "haat",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Central Franconian haat (“hard”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "hard",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Dutch hard (“hard”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "hart",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "German hart (“hard”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "haart",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish haart (“hard”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da,sv",
"2": "hård",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Danish and Swedish hård (“hard”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fo,is",
"2": "harður",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Faroese and Icelandic harður (“hard”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "hard",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål hard (“hard”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk hard"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃",
"t": "hard"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus, “hard”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "κρατύς",
"t": "strong, mighty"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek κρατύς (kratús, “strong, mighty”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "क्रतु",
"tr": "krátu",
"t": "power, might, ability"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit क्रतु (krátu, “power, might, ability”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (xratu)"
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:hard",
"id": "adjective"
},
"expansion": ""
}
],
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard#Middle_English"
],
[
"heard",
"heard#Old_English"
],
[
"*hard(ī)",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hard(ī)"
],
[
"*harduz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harduz"
],
[
"*kret-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kret-#Proto-Indo-European:_strong"
],
[
"hard",
"hard#Yola"
],
[
"hurd",
"hurd#West_Frisian"
],
[
"hert",
"hert#Alemannic_German"
],
[
"hoat",
"hoat#Bavarian"
],
[
"haat",
"haat#Central_Franconian"
],
[
"hard",
"hard#Dutch"
],
[
"hart",
"hart#German"
],
[
"haart",
"haart#Luxembourgish"
],
[
"Danish",
"hård#Danish"
],
[
"hård",
"hård#Swedish"
],
[
"Faroese",
"harður#Faroese"
],
[
"harður",
"harður#Icelandic"
],
[
"hard",
"hard#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"hard",
"hard#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"hard’u",
"hard’u#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃",
"𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃#Gothic"
],
[
"κρατύς",
"κρατύς#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"क्रतु",
"क्रतु#Sanskrit"
],
[
"𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎",
"𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎#Avestan"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"A firm or paved beach or slope convenient for hauling vessels out of the water.",
"A tyre whose compound is softer than superhards, and harder than mediums.",
"Crack cocaine.",
"Hard labor."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"slang",
"uncountable"
],
"recordId": "015f15dfce59376d4effe218c479912ec92a6db7edc68fb3512d037adb98ec4b",
"rawRecordSha256": "bdc3c27aeb330428a61a4fa28c976a0a00a1f1f0cfc6f74d9f48f97f71b74bd1",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 28116
},
{
"pos": "adv",
"glosses": [
"With much force or effort.",
"With difficulty.",
"So as to raise difficulties.",
"Compactly."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"recordId": "43bba1d48d2fc2881a1b8453dcaec5d8e9a5530958a6d8ff02710231ed81b890",
"rawRecordSha256": "717c31f6a162069b9df4e5a93355c814ce7abd9cd597495dbba022efc0263911",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 28115
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 1,
"glosses": 0
}
}