*SET-U

English word origin

Etymology of keel

From Middle English kele, from Old Norse kjǫlr, itself from Proto-Germanic *keluz, of uncertain origin. Displaced Old English ċēol from a related root. Distantly related to kile.

4 source sectionsExtended source reportWiktionary original ↗
In this entry · 4 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Source etymology 1

Original entry ↗
verb

To collapse, to fall. · To traverse with a keel; to navigate. · To turn up the keel; to show the bottom.

noun

A large beam along the underside of a ship’s hull from bow to stern. · A rigid, flat piece of material anchored to the lowest part of the hull of a ship to give it greater control and stability. · In a dirigible, a construction similar in form and use to a ship's keel; in an aeroplane, a fin or fixed surface employed to increase stability and to hold the machine to its course. · The rigid bottom part of something else, especially an iceberg.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English kele, from Old Norse kjǫlr, itself from Proto-Germanic *keluz, of uncertain origin. Displaced Old English ċēol from a related root. Distantly related to kile.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Inherited-form mentionkeleenm
  • Derivation mentionkjǫlrnon
  • Derivation mention*keluzgem-pro
  • Doublet mentionkileen

This page abbreviates 4 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "kele"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English kele"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "non",
        "3": "kjǫlr"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse kjǫlr"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*keluz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *keluz"
    },
    {
      "name": "noncog",
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ceol",
        "3": "ċēol"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English ċēol"
    },
    {
      "name": "doublet",
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        "1": "en",
        "2": "kile",
        "notext": "1",
        "nocat": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "kile"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "kele",
      "kele#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "kjǫlr",
      "kjǫlr#Old_Norse"
    ],
    [
      "*keluz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/keluz"
    ],
    [
      "ċēol",
      "ceol#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "kile",
      "kile#English"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To collapse, to fall.",
        "To traverse with a keel; to navigate.",
        "To turn up the keel; to show the bottom."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ],
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      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "A large beam along the underside of a ship’s hull from bow to stern.",
        "A rigid, flat piece of material anchored to the lowest part of the hull of a ship to give it greater control and stability.",
        "In a dirigible, a construction similar in form and use to a ship's keel; in an aeroplane, a fin or fixed surface employed to increase stability and to hold the machine to its course.",
        "The rigid bottom part of something else, especially an iceberg."
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      "tags": [
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}

Source etymology 2

Original entry ↗
verb

To cool; make cool; to cool by stirring or skimming in order to keep from boiling over. · To moderate the ardour or intensity of; assuage; to appease, pacify, or lessen. · To become cool; cool down.

noun

A broad, flat vessel used for cooling liquids; a brewer's cooling vat; a keelfat.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English kelen, from Old English cēlan (“to cool, to make or become cool”), from Proto-West Germanic *kōlijan, from Proto-Germanic *kōlijaną (“to cool”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian käile, köile (“to cool”), Dutch koelen (“to cool”), German Low German köhlen (“to cool”), German kühlen (“to cool”), Danish køle (“to cool”), Icelandic kæla (“to cool”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Inherited-form mentionkelenenm
  • Inherited-form mentioncēlanang · to cool, to make or become cool
  • Inherited-form mention*kōlijangmw-pro
  • Inherited-form mention*kōlijanągem-pro · to cool
  • Cognate mentionkäilestq
  • Cognate mentionkoelennl · to cool
  • Cognate mentionkühlende · to cool
  • Cognate mentionkøleda · to cool
  • Cognate mentionkælais · to cool
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "kelen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English kelen"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "cēlan",
        "t": "to cool, to make or become cool"
      },
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    },
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      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kōlijan"
    },
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    },
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      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "stq",
        "2": "käile"
      },
      "expansion": "Saterland Frisian käile"
    },
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      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "koelen",
        "t": "to cool"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch koelen (“to cool”)"
    },
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      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nds-de",
        "2": "köhlen",
        "t": "to cool"
      },
      "expansion": "German Low German köhlen (“to cool”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "kühlen",
        "t": "to cool"
      },
      "expansion": "German kühlen (“to cool”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "køle",
        "t": "to cool"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish køle (“to cool”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "kæla",
        "t": "to cool"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic kæla (“to cool”)"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "kelen",
      "kelen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "cēlan",
      "celan#Old_English"
    ],
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      "*kōlijan",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kōlijan"
    ],
    [
      "*kōlijaną",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kōlijaną"
    ],
    [
      "käile",
      "käile#Saterland_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "köile",
      "köile#Saterland_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "koelen",
      "koelen#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "köhlen",
      "köhlen#Low_German"
    ],
    [
      "kühlen",
      "kühlen#German"
    ],
    [
      "køle",
      "køle#Danish"
    ],
    [
      "kæla",
      "kæla#Icelandic"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
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        "To cool; make cool; to cool by stirring or skimming in order to keep from boiling over.",
        "To moderate the ardour or intensity of; assuage; to appease, pacify, or lessen.",
        "To become cool; cool down."
      ],
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Source etymology 3

Original entry ↗
noun

Red chalk; ruddle.

verb

To mark with ruddle.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Probably from Scottish Gaelic cìl (“ruddle”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Borrowed-form mentioncìlgd
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "bor",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gd",
        "3": "cìl",
        "4": "",
        "5": "ruddle"
      },
      "expansion": "Scottish Gaelic cìl (“ruddle”)"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "cìl",
      "cìl#Scottish_Gaelic"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "Red chalk; ruddle."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Scotland"
      ],
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      "glosses": [
        "To mark with ruddle."
      ],
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Source etymology 4

Original entry ↗
verb

Pronunciation spelling of kill.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Compare Scots kele, keil, keill (“to put to death, kill”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Cognate mentionkelesco
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
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        "2": "kele"
      },
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    }
  ],
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    [
      "kele",
      "kele#Scots"
    ],
    [
      "keil",
      "keil#Scots"
    ],
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      "keill",
      "keill#Scots"
    ]
  ],
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  "descendants": [],
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        "Pronunciation spelling of kill."
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Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for keel →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-a2VlbA