Source etymology 1 · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗verb
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryTo coat with breadcrumbs.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-der.? Proto-Germanic *braudą Proto-West Germanic *braud Old English brēad Middle English bred English bread From Middle English bred, breed, from Old English brēad (“fragment, bit, morsel, crumb", also "bread”), from Proto-West Germanic *braud, from Proto-Germanic *braudą (“bread”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw-, *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil; to brew”), from *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”). Alternatively, from Proto-Germanic *braudaz, *brauþaz (“broken piece, fragment”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰera- (“to split, beat, hew, struggle”) (see brittle). Perhaps a conflation of the two. Possibly a doublet of broa. Cognates Cognate with Scots breid (“bread”), Yola breed (“bread”), North Frisian bruad, Bruar, brüüdj (“bread”), Saterland Frisian Brood (“bread”), West Frisian brea (“bread”), Alemannic German brot, broud, bruat, bròt, bröt (“bread”), Cimbrian proat, pròat (“bread”), Dutch brood (“bread”), German Brot (“bread”), German Low German Brod, Brood, Broot, Brot, Bräot (“bread”), Limburgish broed (“bread”), Luxembourgish Brout (“bread”), Mòcheno proat (“bread”), Vilamovian brūt (“bread; loaf”), Yiddish ברויט (broyt, “bread”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål brød (“bread”), Elfdalian broð (“bread”), Faroese breyð (“bread”), Icelandic brauð (“bread”), Norn brau, brow (“bread”), Norwegian Nynorsk braud, brød (“bread”), Swedish bröd (“bread”), Crimean Gothic broe (“bread”); also Cornish brys (“thought; mind”), Irish and Scottish Gaelic beir (“bear, give birth to”), Welsh bryd (“aim, intent”), Latin fors (“chance, luck”), Greek φέρνω (férno), φέρω (féro, “to bear, carry”), Albanian brydh (“to ripen, soften; to crumble”), Latvian bērt (“to pour; to scatter, strew”), Lithuanian berti (“to scatter, strew”), Belarusian бру́ха (brúxa, “belly”), Czech břich, břicho, břuch (“belly”), Kashubian brzëch (“belly”), Polish brzuch, brzucho (“belly”), Russian брю́хо (brjúxo, “belly”), Slovak brucho (“belly”), Armenian բերել (berel, “to bring, fetch”), Persian بردن (bordan/burdan, “to bear, carry”), Tocharian A and Tocharian B pär- (“to bear; to wear”), Sanskrit भारयति (bhārayati, “to carry”). Eclipsed non-native Middle English payn (“bread”), borrowed from Old French pain (“bread”). In this sense, mostly replaced loaf, which had been the more common term in Old English (see hlāf), a process which similarly occured in other languages such as German.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*bʰrewh₁-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentionbredenm
- Inherited-form mentionbrēadang · fragment, bit, morsel, crumb", also "bread
- Inherited-form mention*braudgmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*braudągem-pro · bread
- Derivation mention*bʰrewh₁-ine-pro · to boil; to brew
- Inherited-form mention*braudazgem-pro
- Derivation mention*bʰera-ine-pro · to split, beat, hew, struggle
- Doublet mentionbroaen
- Cognate mentionbreidsco · bread
- Cognate mentionbreedyol · bread
- Cognate mentionbruadfrr
- Cognate mentionBroodstq · bread
- Cognate mentionbreafy · bread
- Cognate mentionbrotgsw
- Cognate mentionproatcim
- Cognate mentionbroodnl · bread
- Cognate mentionBrotde · bread
- Cognate mentionbroedli · bread
- Cognate mentionBroutlb · bread
- Cognate mentionproatmhn · bread
- Cognate mentionbrūtwym · bread; loaf
- Cognate mentionברויטyi · bread
- Cognate mentionbroðovd · bread
- Cognate mentionbreyðfo · bread
- Cognate mentionbrauðis · bread
- Cognate mentionbraunrn
- Cognate mentionbraudnn
- Cognate mentionbrödsv · bread
- Cognate mentionbroegme-cgo · bread
- Cognate mentionbryskw · thought; mind
- Cognate mentionbrydcy · aim, intent
- Cognate mentionforsla · chance, luck
- Cognate mentionφέρνωel
- Cognate mentionbrydhsq · to ripen, soften; to crumble
- Cognate mentionbērtlv · to pour; to scatter, strew
- Cognate mentionbertilt · to scatter, strew
- Cognate mentionбру́хаbe · belly
- Cognate mentionbřichcs
- Cognate mentionbrzëchcsb · belly
- Cognate mentionbrzuchpl
- Cognate mentionбрю́хоru · belly
- Cognate mentionbruchosk · belly
- Cognate mentionբերելhy · to bring, fetch
- Cognate mentionبردنfa · to bear, carry
- Cognate mentionभारयतिsa · to carry
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:bred",
"id": "food",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-der.?\nProto-Germanic *braudą\nProto-West Germanic *braud\nOld English brēad\nMiddle English bred\nEnglish bread\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"id\" : \"boil\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰrewh₁-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*braudą\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*braud\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"brēad\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"bred\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"bread\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"food\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"bread\" id=\"English:_food\">"
},
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰrewh₁-"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "bred"
},
"expansion": "Middle English bred"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "brēad",
"t": "fragment, bit, morsel, crumb\", also \"bread"
},
"expansion": "Old English brēad (“fragment, bit, morsel, crumb\", also \"bread”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*braud"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *braud"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*braudą",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *braudą (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰrewh₁-",
"4": "*bʰerw-, *bʰrewh₁-",
"t": "to boil; to brew"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerw-, *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil; to brew”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*braudaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *braudaz"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰera-",
"t": "to split, beat, hew, struggle"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰera- (“to split, beat, hew, struggle”)"
},
{
"name": "doublet",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "broa",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of broa"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "breid",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Scots breid (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "breed",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Yola breed (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "bruad"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian bruad"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Brood",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian Brood (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "brea",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian brea (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": "brot"
},
"expansion": "Alemannic German brot"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cim",
"2": "proat"
},
"expansion": "Cimbrian proat"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "brood",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Dutch brood (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Brot",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "German Brot (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Brod"
},
"expansion": "German Low German Brod"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "broed",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish broed (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "Brout",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish Brout (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "mhn",
"2": "proat",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Mòcheno proat (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "wym",
"2": "brūt",
"t": "bread; loaf"
},
"expansion": "Vilamovian brūt (“bread; loaf”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "ברויט",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish ברויט (broyt, “bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da,nb",
"2": "brød",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Danish and Norwegian Bokmål brød (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ovd",
"2": "broð",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Elfdalian broð (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "breyð",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Faroese breyð (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "brauð",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic brauð (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nrn",
"2": "brau"
},
"expansion": "Norn brau"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "braud"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk braud"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "bröd",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Swedish bröd (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gme-cgo",
"2": "broe",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Gothic broe (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "brys",
"t": "thought; mind"
},
"expansion": "Cornish brys (“thought; mind”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ga,gd",
"2": "beir",
"t": "bear, give birth to"
},
"expansion": "Irish and Scottish Gaelic beir (“bear, give birth to”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "bryd",
"t": "aim, intent"
},
"expansion": "Welsh bryd (“aim, intent”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fors",
"t": "chance, luck"
},
"expansion": "Latin fors (“chance, luck”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "φέρνω"
},
"expansion": "Greek φέρνω (férno)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "brydh",
"t": "to ripen, soften; to crumble"
},
"expansion": "Albanian brydh (“to ripen, soften; to crumble”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "bērt",
"t": "to pour; to scatter, strew"
},
"expansion": "Latvian bērt (“to pour; to scatter, strew”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "berti",
"t": "to scatter, strew"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian berti (“to scatter, strew”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "бру́ха",
"t": "belly"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian бру́ха (brúxa, “belly”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "břich"
},
"expansion": "Czech břich"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "brzëch",
"t": "belly"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian brzëch (“belly”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "brzuch"
},
"expansion": "Polish brzuch"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "брю́хо",
"t": "belly"
},
"expansion": "Russian брю́хо (brjúxo, “belly”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "brucho",
"t": "belly"
},
"expansion": "Slovak brucho (“belly”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "բերել",
"t": "to bring, fetch"
},
"expansion": "Armenian բերել (berel, “to bring, fetch”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "بردن",
"tr": "bordan/burdan",
"t": "to bear, carry"
},
"expansion": "Persian بردن (bordan/burdan, “to bear, carry”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "xto,txb",
"2": "pär-",
"t": "to bear; to wear"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian A and Tocharian B pär- (“to bear; to wear”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "भारयति",
"t": "to carry"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit भारयति (bhārayati, “to carry”)"
},
{
"name": "noncog",
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "payn",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Middle English payn (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "noncog",
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "pain",
"t": "bread"
},
"expansion": "Old French pain (“bread”)"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:bred",
"id": "food",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-der.?\nProto-Germanic *braudą\nProto-West Germanic *braud\nOld English brēad\nMiddle English bred\nEnglish bread"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*bʰrewh₁-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰrewh₁-#Proto-Indo-European:_boil"
],
[
"*braudą",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/braudą#Proto-Germanic:_bread"
],
[
"*braud",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/braud"
],
[
"brēad",
"bread#Old_English"
],
[
"bred",
"bred#Middle_English"
],
[
"bred",
"bred#Middle_English"
],
[
"breed",
"breed#Middle_English"
],
[
"brēad",
"bread#Old_English"
],
[
"*braud",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/braud"
],
[
"*braudą",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/braudą"
],
[
"*bʰerw-, *bʰrewh₁-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰrewh₁-"
],
[
"*bʰer-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰer-"
],
[
"*braudaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/braudaz"
],
[
"*brauþaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brauþaz"
],
[
"*bʰera-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰera-"
],
[
"brittle",
"brittle#English"
],
[
"broa",
"broa#English"
],
[
"breid",
"breid#Scots"
],
[
"breed",
"breed#Yola"
],
[
"bruad",
"bruad#North_Frisian"
],
[
"Bruar",
"Bruar#North_Frisian"
],
[
"brüüdj",
"brüüdj#North_Frisian"
],
[
"Brood",
"Brood#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"brea",
"brea#West_Frisian"
],
[
"brot",
"brot#Alemannic_German"
],
[
"broud",
"broud#Alemannic_German"
],
[
"bruat",
"bruat#Alemannic_German"
],
[
"bròt",
"bròt#Alemannic_German"
],
[
"bröt",
"bröt#Alemannic_German"
],
[
"proat",
"proat#Cimbrian"
],
[
"pròat",
"pròat#Cimbrian"
],
[
"brood",
"brood#Dutch"
],
[
"Brot",
"Brot#German"
],
[
"Brod",
"Brod#Low_German"
],
[
"Brood",
"Brood#Low_German"
],
[
"Broot",
"Broot#Low_German"
],
[
"Brot",
"Brot#Low_German"
],
[
"Bräot",
"Bräot#Low_German"
],
[
"broed",
"broed#Limburgish"
],
[
"Brout",
"Brout#Luxembourgish"
],
[
"proat",
"proat#Mòcheno"
],
[
"brūt",
"brūt#Vilamovian"
],
[
"ברויט",
"ברויט#Yiddish"
],
[
"Danish",
"brød#Danish"
],
[
"brød",
"brød#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"broð",
"broð#Elfdalian"
],
[
"breyð",
"breyð#Faroese"
],
[
"brauð",
"brauð#Icelandic"
],
[
"brau",
"brau#Norn"
],
[
"brow",
"brow#Norn"
],
[
"braud",
"braud#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"brød",
"brød#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"bröd",
"bröd#Swedish"
],
[
"broe",
"broe#Crimean_Gothic"
],
[
"brys",
"brys#Cornish"
],
[
"Irish",
"beir#Irish"
],
[
"beir",
"beir#Scottish_Gaelic"
],
[
"bryd",
"bryd#Welsh"
],
[
"fors",
"fors#Latin"
],
[
"φέρνω",
"φέρνω#Greek"
],
[
"φέρω",
"φέρω#Greek"
],
[
"brydh",
"brydh#Albanian"
],
[
"bērt",
"bērt#Latvian"
],
[
"berti",
"berti#Lithuanian"
],
[
"бру́ха",
"бруха#Belarusian"
],
[
"břich",
"břich#Czech"
],
[
"břicho",
"břicho#Czech"
],
[
"břuch",
"břuch#Czech"
],
[
"brzëch",
"brzëch#Kashubian"
],
[
"brzuch",
"brzuch#Polish"
],
[
"brzucho",
"brzucho#Polish"
],
[
"брю́хо",
"брюхо#Russian"
],
[
"brucho",
"brucho#Slovak"
],
[
"բերել",
"բերել#Armenian"
],
[
"بردن",
"بردن#Persian"
],
[
"Tocharian A",
"pär-#Tocharian_A"
],
[
"pär-",
"pär-#Tocharian_B"
],
[
"भारयति",
"भारयति#Sanskrit"
],
[
"payn",
"payn#Middle_English"
],
[
"pain",
"pain#Old_French"
],
[
"loaf",
"loaf#English"
],
[
"hlāf",
"hlaf#Old_English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"To coat with breadcrumbs."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
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