Source etymology 1 · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗Solid residue from roasting coal in a coke oven; used principally as a fuel and in the production of steel and formerly as a domestic fuel.
The origin is not certain. The OED says it is first attested in 1669. The MED has an earlier attestation in the related sense of "charcoal" in 1430: Middle English coke. This may be the same word as colk (“core”) (perhaps from the notion that coke is the core of the material left after it burning), from Old English *colc (“hole, well”), from Proto-West Germanic *kolk, from Proto-Germanic *kulukaz (“a hollow, depression”), from Proto-Indo-European *g(ʷ)el- (“to swallow, devour; gullet”). If so, cognate with Saterland Frisian Kolk (“maelstrom, depression, whirlpool”), West Frisian kolk (“maelstrom, whirlpool”), Dutch kolk (“maelstrom, vortex, whirlpool”), German Kolk (“pothole”).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentioncokeenm
- Inherited-form mention*colcang · hole, well
- Inherited-form mention*kolkgmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*kulukazgem-pro · a hollow, depression
- Derivation mention*g(ʷ)el-ine-pro · to swallow, devour; gullet
- Cognate mentionKolkstq · maelstrom, depression, whirlpool
- Cognate mentionkolkfy · maelstrom, whirlpool
- Cognate mentionkolknl · maelstrom, vortex, whirlpool
- Cognate mentionKolkde · pothole
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "coke"
},
"expansion": "Middle English coke"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*colc",
"t": "hole, well"
},
"expansion": "Old English *colc (“hole, well”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kolk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kolk"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kulukaz",
"t": "a hollow, depression"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kulukaz (“a hollow, depression”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*g(ʷ)el-",
"t": "to swallow, devour; gullet"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *g(ʷ)el- (“to swallow, devour; gullet”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Kolk",
"t": "maelstrom, depression, whirlpool"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian Kolk (“maelstrom, depression, whirlpool”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kolk",
"t": "maelstrom, whirlpool"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian kolk (“maelstrom, whirlpool”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kolk",
"t": "maelstrom, vortex, whirlpool"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kolk (“maelstrom, vortex, whirlpool”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kolk",
"t": "pothole"
},
"expansion": "German Kolk (“pothole”)"
}
],
"links": [
[
"coke",
"coke#Middle_English"
],
[
"colk",
"colk#Middle_English"
],
[
"*colc",
"Reconstruction:Old English/colc"
],
[
"*kolk",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kolk"
],
[
"*kulukaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kulukaz"
],
[
"*g(ʷ)el-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/g(ʷ)el-"
],
[
"Kolk",
"Kolk#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"kolk",
"kolk#West_Frisian"
],
[
"kolk",
"kolk#Dutch"
],
[
"Kolk",
"Kolk#German"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "co",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"word": "coque",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "coque",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "koks",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"< cokes"
]
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"Solid residue from roasting coal in a coke oven; used principally as a fuel and in the production of steel and formerly as a domestic fuel."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"recordId": "528bc6351084d25d2b1d4b143f18a6ea46eaec708fc8a42002555e2aa97132c9",
"rawRecordSha256": "aaf9924014374571ffd3473f7d4da83aa05a4bfdb88d7357c8d4ca6ca93c0671",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 120744
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 0,
"glosses": 0
}
}