Etymology of year

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Source etymology 1

Original entry ↗

noun

A period of time akin to the time taken for the Earth to undergo a full cycle of seasons. · The time taken for the Earth to return to the same position along the ecliptic, completing a full cycle of seasons; a tropical year or solar year. · The time taken for the Earth to orbit the Sun with respect to the fixed stars; a sidereal year. · The length of twelve lunations; the time taken for any moon phase to happen twelve times; a lunar year.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *(H)yeh₁-der.? Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥der. Proto-Germanic *jērą Proto-West Germanic *jār Old English ġēar Middle English yeer English year From Middle English yeer, yere, from Old English ġēar (“year”), from Proto-West Germanic *jār, from Proto-Germanic *jērą (“year”), from Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥ (“year, spring”). Doublet of hora and hour. Cognates Cognate with Scots year (“year”), North Frisian djooar, iir, Jaar, jeer, juar, jäär (“year”), Saterland Frisian Jíer (“year”), West Frisian jier (“year”), Bavarian Joahr, Jåar, Jåhr (“year”), Cimbrian djar, jaar (“year”), Dutch jaar (“year”), German Jahr (“year”), Limburgish jaor, Johr, Joër (“year”), Low German Johr, Jåhr (“year”), Luxembourgish Joer (“year”), Mòcheno jor (“year”), Swabian Johr (“year”), Vilamovian jür (“year”), West Flemish joar (“year”), Yiddish יאָר (yor), יאָהר (yohr, “year”), Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish år (“year”), Faroese and Icelandic ár (“year”), Gothic 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr, “year”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Root classification mention*(H)yeh₁-ine-pro
Inherited-form mentionyeerenm
Inherited-form mentionġēarang
Inherited-form mention*jārgmw-pro
Inherited-form mention*jērągem-pro
Inherited-form mention*yóh₁r̥ine-pro · year, spring
Cognate mentionyearsco · year
Cognate mentiondjooarfrr
Cognate mentionJíerstq · year
Cognate mentionjierfy · year
Cognate mentionJoahrbar
Cognate mentiondjarcim
Cognate mentionjaarnl · year
Cognate mentionJahrde · year
Cognate mentionjaorli
Cognate mentionJohrnds
Cognate mentionJoerlb · year
Cognate mentionjormhn · year
Cognate mentionJohrswg · year
Cognate mentionjürwym · year
Cognate mentionjoarvls · year
Cognate mentionיאָרyi
Cognate mention𐌾𐌴𐍂got · year

This page abbreviates 7 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "etymon",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:yeer",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(H)yeh₁-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥der.\nProto-Germanic *jērą\nProto-West Germanic *jār\nOld English ġēar\nMiddle English yeer\nEnglish year\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*(H)yeh₁-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*yóh₁r̥\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*jērą\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*jār\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"ġēar\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"yeer\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"year\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"year\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "root",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(H)yeh₁-"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "yeer"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English yeer"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "ġēar",
        "4": "",
        "5": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English ġēar (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*jār"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *jār"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*jērą",
        "4": "",
        "5": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *jērą (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*yóh₁r̥",
        "t": "year, spring"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥ (“year, spring”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "dbt",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "hora",
        "3": "hour"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of hora and hour"
    },
    {
      "name": "col-top",
      "args": {
        "1": "2",
        "2": "cog"
      },
      "expansion": "Cognates"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "year",
        "t": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots year (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "frr",
        "2": "djooar"
      },
      "expansion": "North Frisian djooar"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "stq",
        "2": "Jíer",
        "t": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Saterland Frisian Jíer (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "jier",
        "t": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian jier (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "bar",
        "2": "Joahr"
      },
      "expansion": "Bavarian Joahr"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "cim",
        "2": "djar"
      },
      "expansion": "Cimbrian djar"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "jaar",
        "t": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch jaar (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Jahr",
        "t": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "German Jahr (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "li",
        "2": "jaor"
      },
      "expansion": "Limburgish jaor"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nds",
        "2": "Johr"
      },
      "expansion": "Low German Johr"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "lb",
        "2": "Joer",
        "t": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Luxembourgish Joer (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "mhn",
        "2": "jor",
        "t": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Mòcheno jor (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "swg",
        "2": "Johr",
        "t": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Swabian Johr (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "wym",
        "2": "jür",
        "t": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Vilamovian jür (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "vls",
        "2": "joar",
        "t": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "West Flemish joar (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "yi",
        "2": "יאָר"
      },
      "expansion": "Yiddish יאָר (yor)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "da,nb,nn,sv",
        "2": "år",
        "t": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish år (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fo,is",
        "2": "ár",
        "t": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Faroese and Icelandic ár (“year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐌾𐌴𐍂",
        "t": "year"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr, “year”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "etymon",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:yeer",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *(H)yeh₁-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *yóh₁r̥der.\nProto-Germanic *jērą\nProto-West Germanic *jār\nOld English ġēar\nMiddle English yeer\nEnglish year"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "*(H)yeh₁-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(H)yeh₁-"
    ],
    [
      "*yóh₁r̥",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yóh₁r̥"
    ],
    [
      "*jērą",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jērą"
    ],
    [
      "*jār",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/jār"
    ],
    [
      "ġēar",
      "gear#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "yeer",
      "yeer#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "yeer",
      "yeer#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "yere",
      "yere#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "ġēar",
      "gear#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*jār",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/jār"
    ],
    [
      "*jērą",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jērą"
    ],
    [
      "*yóh₁r̥",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yóh₁r̥"
    ],
    [
      "hora",
      "hora#English"
    ],
    [
      "hour",
      "hour#English"
    ],
    [
      "year",
      "year#Scots"
    ],
    [
      "djooar",
      "djooar#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "iir",
      "iir#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "Jaar",
      "Jaar#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "jeer",
      "jeer#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "juar",
      "juar#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "jäär",
      "jäär#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "Jíer",
      "Jíer#Saterland_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "jier",
      "jier#West_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "Joahr",
      "Joahr#Bavarian"
    ],
    [
      "Jåar",
      "Jåar#Bavarian"
    ],
    [
      "Jåhr",
      "Jåhr#Bavarian"
    ],
    [
      "djar",
      "djar#Cimbrian"
    ],
    [
      "jaar",
      "jaar#Cimbrian"
    ],
    [
      "jaar",
      "jaar#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "Jahr",
      "Jahr#German"
    ],
    [
      "jaor",
      "jaor#Limburgish"
    ],
    [
      "Johr",
      "Johr#Limburgish"
    ],
    [
      "Joër",
      "Joër#Limburgish"
    ],
    [
      "Johr",
      "Johr#Low_German"
    ],
    [
      "Jåhr",
      "Jåhr#Low_German"
    ],
    [
      "Joer",
      "Joer#Luxembourgish"
    ],
    [
      "jor",
      "jor#Mòcheno"
    ],
    [
      "Johr",
      "Johr#Swabian"
    ],
    [
      "jür",
      "jür#Vilamovian"
    ],
    [
      "joar",
      "joar#West_Flemish"
    ],
    [
      "יאָר",
      "יאָר#Yiddish"
    ],
    [
      "יאָהר",
      "יאָהר#Yiddish"
    ],
    [
      "Danish",
      "år#Danish"
    ],
    [
      "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "år#Norwegian_Bokmål"
    ],
    [
      "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "år#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
    ],
    [
      "år",
      "år#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "Faroese",
      "ár#Faroese"
    ],
    [
      "ár",
      "ár#Icelandic"
    ],
    [
      "𐌾𐌴𐍂",
      "𐌾𐌴𐍂#Gothic"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Jamaican Creole",
      "lang_code": "jam",
      "word": "ier"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Tok Pisin",
      "lang_code": "tpi",
      "word": "yia"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Chuukese",
      "lang_code": "chk",
      "word": "ier",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "lang_code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "lang_code": "ja",
      "word": "イヤー",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "roman": "iyā"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Volapük",
      "lang_code": "vo",
      "word": "yel",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "A period of time akin to the time taken for the Earth to undergo a full cycle of seasons.",
        "The time taken for the Earth to return to the same position along the ecliptic, completing a full cycle of seasons; a tropical year or solar year.",
        "The time taken for the Earth to orbit the Sun with respect to the fixed stars; a sidereal year.",
        "The length of twelve lunations; the time taken for any moon phase to happen twelve times; a lunar year."
      ],
      "tags": [],
      "recordId": "1f1b244c20a9dcf939d7923aea7793aa51631c17b4c7b68be2d536993624f8c4",
      "rawRecordSha256": "b317ea617fd7c2c2d1ccd2ccef08a9862afbe064b629c689fcb9668859605d99",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 5140
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 7,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

The source etymologies

Source etymology 1

Relationships mentioned by the source

Where this record stops

Source and snapshot