Source etymology 1 · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗pron
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryThe people spoken, or written to, as an object. · (To) yourselves, (to) yourself. · The person spoken to or written to, as an object. (Replacing thee; originally as a mark of respect.) · The people spoken to or written to, as a subject. (Replacing ye.)
From Middle English you, yow, ȝow (object case of ye), from Old English ēow (“you”, dative case of ġē), from Proto-West Germanic *iwwi (“you”, dative case of *jiʀ), from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz (“you”, dative case of *jīz), the Western form of Proto-Germanic *izwiz (“you”, dative case of *jūz), from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“you”, plural). Cognate with Scots you (“you”), Saterland Frisian jou (“you”), West Frisian jo (“you”), Low German jo, joe and oe (“you”), Dutch jou and u (“you”), German euch (“you”), Middle High German eu, iu (“you”, object pronoun), Latin vōs (“you”), Avestan 𐬬𐬋 (vō, “you”), Ashkun yë̃ (“you”), Kamkata-viri šo (“you”), Sanskrit यूयम् (yūyám, “you”). See usage notes. Ye, you and your are cognate with Dutch jij/je, jou, jouw; Low German ji, jo/ju, jug and German ihr, euch and euer respectively. Ye is also cognate with Danish I and archaic Swedish I. Compare the shift to the second-person singular informal Spanish vos, historically a formal pronoun.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionyouenm
- Inherited-form mentionēowang · you
- Inherited-form mention*iwwigmw-pro · you
- Inherited-form mention*iwwizgem-pro · you
- Inherited-form mention*izwizgem-pro · you
- Derivation mention*yúHsine-pro · you
- Cognate mentionyousco · you
- Cognate mentionjoustq · you
- Cognate mentionjofy · you
- Cognate mentionjonds
- Cognate mentionjounl
- Cognate mentioneuchde · you
- Cognate mentioneugmh
- Cognate mentionvōsla · you
- Cognate mention𐬬𐬋ae · you
- Cognate mentionyë̃ask · you
- Cognate mentionšobsh · you
- Cognate mentionयूयम्sa · you
- Cognate mentionjijnl
- Cognate mentionjinds
- Cognate mentionihrde
- Cognate mentionIda
- Cognate mentionIsv
This page abbreviates 4 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:yow"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*uswís\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*yúHs\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*uswé\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-(m)is\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mis\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*izwiz\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*iwwiz\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"ēow\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"yow\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"you\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"you\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "you"
},
"expansion": "Middle English you"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ēow",
"t": "you",
"pos": "dative case of <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ang\">ġē</i>"
},
"expansion": "Old English ēow (“you”, dative case of ġē)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*iwwi",
"t": "you",
"pos": "dative case of <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gmw-pro\">*jiʀ</i>"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *iwwi (“you”, dative case of *jiʀ)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*iwwiz",
"t": "you",
"pos": "dative case of <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*jīz</i>"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *iwwiz (“you”, dative case of *jīz)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*izwiz",
"t": "you",
"pos": "dative case of <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"gem-pro\">*jūz</i>"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *izwiz (“you”, dative case of *jūz)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*yúHs",
"t": "you",
"pos": "plural"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *yúHs (“you”, plural)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "you",
"t": "you"
},
"expansion": "Scots you (“you”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "jou",
"t": "you"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian jou (“you”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "jo",
"t": "you"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian jo (“you”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "jo"
},
"expansion": "Low German jo"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "jou"
},
"expansion": "Dutch jou"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "euch",
"t": "you"
},
"expansion": "German euch (“you”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "eu"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German eu"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vōs",
"t": "you"
},
"expansion": "Latin vōs (“you”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬬𐬋",
"t": "you"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬬𐬋 (vō, “you”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ask",
"2": "yë̃",
"t": "you"
},
"expansion": "Ashkun yë̃ (“you”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "bsh",
"2": "šo",
"t": "you"
},
"expansion": "Kamkata-viri šo (“you”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "यूयम्",
"tr": "yūyám",
"t": "you"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit यूयम् (yūyám, “you”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "jij"
},
"expansion": "Dutch jij"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "ji"
},
"expansion": "Low German ji"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "ihr"
},
"expansion": "German ihr"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "I"
},
"expansion": "Danish I"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "I"
},
"expansion": "Swedish I"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:yow"
},
"expansion": ""
}
],
"links": [
[
"you",
"you#Middle_English"
],
[
"yow",
"yow#Middle_English"
],
[
"ȝow",
"ȝow#Middle_English"
],
[
"ye",
"ye#Middle_English"
],
[
"ēow",
"eow#Old_English"
],
[
"ġē",
"ge#Old_English"
],
[
"*iwwi",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/iwwi"
],
[
"*jiʀ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/jiʀ"
],
[
"*iwwiz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/iwwiz"
],
[
"*jīz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jīz"
],
[
"*izwiz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/izwiz"
],
[
"*jūz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jūz"
],
[
"*yúHs",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yúHs"
],
[
"you",
"you#Scots"
],
[
"jou",
"jou#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"jo",
"jo#West_Frisian"
],
[
"jo",
"jo#Low_German"
],
[
"joe",
"joe#Low_German"
],
[
"oe",
"oe#Low_German"
],
[
"jou",
"jou#Dutch"
],
[
"u",
"u#Dutch"
],
[
"euch",
"euch#German"
],
[
"eu",
"eu#Middle_High_German"
],
[
"iu",
"iu#Middle_High_German"
],
[
"vōs",
"vos#Latin"
],
[
"𐬬𐬋",
"𐬬𐬋#Avestan"
],
[
"yë̃",
"yë̃#Ashkun"
],
[
"šo",
"šo#Kamkata-viri"
],
[
"यूयम्",
"यूयम्#Sanskrit"
],
[
"Ye",
"ye#English"
],
[
"you",
"you#English"
],
[
"your",
"your#English"
],
[
"jij",
"jij#Dutch"
],
[
"je",
"je#Dutch"
],
[
"jou",
"jou#Dutch"
],
[
"jouw",
"jouw#Dutch"
],
[
"ji",
"ji#Low_German"
],
[
"jo",
"jo#Low_German"
],
[
"ju",
"ju#Low_German"
],
[
"jug",
"jug#Low_German"
],
[
"ihr",
"ihr#German"
],
[
"euch",
"euch#German"
],
[
"euer",
"euer#German"
],
[
"Ye",
"ye#English"
],
[
"I",
"I#Danish"
],
[
"I",
"I#Swedish"
],
[
"vos",
"vos#Spanish"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Belizean Creole",
"lang_code": "bzj",
"word": "yu"
},
{
"lang": "Bislama",
"lang_code": "bi",
"word": "yu"
},
{
"lang": "Cameroon Pidgin",
"lang_code": "wes",
"word": "you"
},
{
"lang": "Jamaican Creole",
"lang_code": "jam",
"word": "yuh"
},
{
"lang": "Nigerian Pidgin",
"lang_code": "pcm",
"word": "yu"
},
{
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"lang_code": "srn",
"word": "yu",
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aukan",
"lang_code": "djk",
"word": "yu"
},
{
"lang": "Maroon Spirit Language",
"lang_code": "crp-mar",
"word": "i",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"uncertain"
]
},
{
"lang": "Saramaccan",
"lang_code": "srm",
"word": "yu"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "Tok Pisin",
"lang_code": "tpi",
"word": "yu"
},
{
"lang": "Torres Strait Creole",
"lang_code": "tcs",
"word": "yu"
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "pron",
"glosses": [
"The people spoken, or written to, as an object.",
"(To) yourselves, (to) yourself.",
"The person spoken to or written to, as an object. (Replacing thee; originally as a mark of respect.)",
"The people spoken to or written to, as a subject. (Replacing ye.)"
],
"tags": [
"nominative",
"objective",
"plural",
"second-person",
"singular",
"US",
"colloquial",
"pronoun",
"reflexive",
"subjective"
],
"recordId": "849ac8318f09d8576529024e76a5d80c2bef28a47dd5918390d56da8ee0ce36f",
"rawRecordSha256": "0f3c7a2a44142caa29159ba1e6dbccb10bf2b6b613ac945e3a30cb1b99718076",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 13979
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 4,
"glosses": 0
}
}