Source etymology 1 · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗verb
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryTo pull something behind one, such as by using a line, chain, or tongue. · To aid someone behind by shielding them from wind resistance.
From Middle English towen, from Old English togian (“to tow”), from Proto-West Germanic *togōn, from Proto-Germanic *tugōną (“to draw, pull”), from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to draw, pull; to lead”). Cognates Cognate with German zögern (“to hesitate, pause”), Faroese and Icelandic toga (“to pull”), French touer (“to tow, tug a ship”); also Welsh dwyn (“to steal; to take; to bring to”), Latin dūcō (“to conduct, guide, lead; to take; to draw, pull; to consider, think; to prolong; to march; to forge”), Ancient Greek δαδύσσομαι (dadússomai, “to be distracted”), Albanian nduk (“to pluck out, pull out, tear”), Central Kurdish دۆشین (doşîn, “to milk”), Northern Kurdish dotin, doşîn, دۆشین (doşîn, “to milk”), Ossetian ду́цын (dúcyn, “to milk”), Pashto لوشل (lwašal, “to milk; to extort”), Persian دوشیدن (dōšīdan / dušidan), دوشتن (duštan), دوختن (dōxtan / duxtan, “to milk”). Related to tug.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*dewk-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentiontowenenm
- Inherited-form mentiontogianang · to tow
- Inherited-form mention*togōngmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*tugōnągem-pro · to draw, pull
- Derivation mention*dewk-ine-pro · to draw, pull; to lead
- Cognate mentionzögernde · to hesitate, pause
- Cognate mentiontouerfr · to tow, tug a ship
- Cognate mentiondwyncy · to steal; to take; to bring to
- Cognate mentiondūcōla · to conduct, guide, lead; to take; to draw, pull; to consider, think; to prolong; to march; to forge
- Cognate mentionδαδύσσομαιgrc · to be distracted
- Cognate mentionnduksq · to pluck out, pull out, tear
- Cognate mentionدۆشینckb · to milk
- Cognate mentiondotinkmr
- Cognate mentionду́цынos · to milk
- Cognate mentionلوشلps · to milk; to extort
- Cognate mentionدوشیدنfa
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewk-"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "towen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English towen"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "togian",
"t": "to tow"
},
"expansion": "Old English togian (“to tow”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*togōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *togōn"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tugōną",
"t": "to draw, pull"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tugōną (“to draw, pull”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dewk-",
"t": "to draw, pull; to lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to draw, pull; to lead”)"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "zögern",
"t": "to hesitate, pause"
},
"expansion": "German zögern (“to hesitate, pause”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fo,is",
"2": "toga",
"t": "to pull"
},
"expansion": "Faroese and Icelandic toga (“to pull”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "touer",
"t": "to tow, tug a ship"
},
"expansion": "French touer (“to tow, tug a ship”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "dwyn",
"t": "to steal; to take; to bring to"
},
"expansion": "Welsh dwyn (“to steal; to take; to bring to”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "dūcō",
"t": "to conduct, guide, lead; to take; to draw, pull; to consider, think; to prolong; to march; to forge"
},
"expansion": "Latin dūcō (“to conduct, guide, lead; to take; to draw, pull; to consider, think; to prolong; to march; to forge”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "δαδύσσομαι",
"t": "to be distracted"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek δαδύσσομαι (dadússomai, “to be distracted”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "nduk",
"t": "to pluck out, pull out, tear"
},
"expansion": "Albanian nduk (“to pluck out, pull out, tear”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ckb",
"2": "دۆشین",
"t": "to milk"
},
"expansion": "Central Kurdish دۆشین (doşîn, “to milk”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "dotin"
},
"expansion": "Northern Kurdish dotin"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "os",
"2": "ду́цын",
"t": "to milk"
},
"expansion": "Ossetian ду́цын (dúcyn, “to milk”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ps",
"2": "لوشل",
"tr": "lwašal",
"t": "to milk; to extort"
},
"expansion": "Pashto لوشل (lwašal, “to milk; to extort”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "دوشیدن",
"tr": "dōšīdan / dušidan"
},
"expansion": "Persian دوشیدن (dōšīdan / dušidan)"
}
],
"links": [
[
"towen",
"towen#Middle_English"
],
[
"togian",
"togian#Old_English"
],
[
"*togōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/togōn"
],
[
"*tugōną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tugōną"
],
[
"*dewk-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dewk-"
],
[
"zögern",
"zögern#German"
],
[
"Faroese",
"toga#Faroese"
],
[
"toga",
"toga#Icelandic"
],
[
"touer",
"touer#French"
],
[
"dwyn",
"dwyn#Welsh"
],
[
"dūcō",
"duco#Latin"
],
[
"δαδύσσομαι",
"δαδύσσομαι#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"nduk",
"nduk#Albanian"
],
[
"دۆشین",
"دۆشین#Central_Kurdish"
],
[
"dotin",
"dotin#Northern_Kurdish"
],
[
"doşîn",
"doşîn#Northern_Kurdish"
],
[
"دۆشین",
"دۆشین#Northern_Kurdish"
],
[
"ду́цын",
"дуцын#Ossetian"
],
[
"لوشل",
"لوشل#Pashto"
],
[
"دوشیدن",
"دوشیدن#Persian"
],
[
"دوشتن",
"دوشتن#Persian"
],
[
"دوختن",
"دوختن#Persian"
],
[
"tug",
"tug#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"word": "towio",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"To pull something behind one, such as by using a line, chain, or tongue.",
"To aid someone behind by shielding them from wind resistance."
],
"tags": [
"transitive",
"usually"
],
"recordId": "9ac987b7471978959be03b737e472a4c8f8a0051e59bddfa03a976bb050e603d",
"rawRecordSha256": "e24f4e9024f3b7c7a14471633d4b2b172c13d3e7026e1461744f47c5035485e8",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 177034
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 0,
"glosses": 0
}
}