Unnumbered source etymology · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗Of a material, strong and resilient; sturdy. · Of food, difficult to cut or chew. · Of a person or animal, rugged or physically hardy. · Of a person, stubborn or persistent; capable of stubbornness or persistence.
From Middle English tough, towgh, tou, toȝ, from Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”), from Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī), from Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”), from *tinganą (“to press upon, throng”), from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”). Cognates Cognate with Saterland Frisian toai (“tough”), Bavarian zaach, zach (“tough”), Dutch taai (“tough”), German zäh, zähe (“tough”), Limburgish tiee (“tough”), Luxembourgish zéi (“tough”); also Ancient Greek δάκνω (dáknō, “to bite”), Albanian danë, darë (“tongs; pincers; pliers”), Sanskrit दशति (daśati, “to bite”).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*denḱ-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentiontoughenm
- Inherited-form mentiontōhang · tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy
- Inherited-form mention*tą̄h(ī)gmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*tanhuzgem-pro · fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough
- Derivation mention*denḱ-ine-pro · to bite
- Cognate mentiontoaistq · tough
- Cognate mentionzaachbar
- Cognate mentiontaainl · tough
- Cognate mentionzähde
- Cognate mentiontieeli · tough
- Cognate mentionzéilb · tough
- Cognate mentionδάκνωgrc · to bite
- Cognate mentiondanësq
- Cognate mentionदशतिsa · to bite
This page abbreviates 6 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*denḱ-"
},
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{
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"2": "enm",
"3": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English tough"
},
{
"name": "inh",
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"2": "ang",
"3": "tōh",
"t": "tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy"
},
"expansion": "Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”)"
},
{
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{
"name": "inh",
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"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tanhuz",
"t": "fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*denḱ-",
"t": "to bite"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”)"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "toai",
"t": "tough"
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"expansion": "Saterland Frisian toai (“tough”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "bar",
"2": "zaach"
},
"expansion": "Bavarian zaach"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "taai",
"t": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch taai (“tough”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "zäh"
},
"expansion": "German zäh"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "tiee",
"t": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish tiee (“tough”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "zéi",
"t": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish zéi (“tough”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "δάκνω",
"t": "to bite"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek δάκνω (dáknō, “to bite”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "danë"
},
"expansion": "Albanian danë"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "दशति",
"t": "to bite"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit दशति (daśati, “to bite”)"
}
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#Middle_English"
],
[
"towgh",
"towgh#Middle_English"
],
[
"tou",
"tou#Middle_English"
],
[
"toȝ",
"toȝ#Middle_English"
],
[
"tōh",
"toh#Old_English"
],
[
"*tą̄h(ī)",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/tą̄h(ī)"
],
[
"*tanhuz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tanhuz"
],
[
"*tinganą",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tinganą"
],
[
"*denḱ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/denḱ-"
],
[
"toai",
"toai#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"zaach",
"zaach#Bavarian"
],
[
"zach",
"zach#Bavarian"
],
[
"taai",
"taai#Dutch"
],
[
"zäh",
"zäh#German"
],
[
"zähe",
"zähe#German"
],
[
"tiee",
"tiee#Limburgish"
],
[
"zéi",
"zéi#Luxembourgish"
],
[
"δάκνω",
"δάκνω#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"danë",
"danë#Albanian"
],
[
"darë",
"darë#Albanian"
],
[
"दशति",
"दशति#Sanskrit"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "taff",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "tuff",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "adj",
"glosses": [
"Of a material, strong and resilient; sturdy.",
"Of food, difficult to cut or chew.",
"Of a person or animal, rugged or physically hardy.",
"Of a person, stubborn or persistent; capable of stubbornness or persistence."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
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