Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗noun
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryLabour, occupation, job. · The place where one is employed. · One's employer. · A factory; a works.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- Proto-Indo-European *-om Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom Proto-Germanic *werką Proto-West Germanic *werk Old English weorc Middle English werk English work From Middle English work, werk, from Old English weorc, from Proto-West Germanic *werk, from Proto-Germanic *werką (“work”), from Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom (“work”), from Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“to make”). Cognates Cognate with Scots wark (“work”), North Frisian werk (“work”), Saterland Frisian Wierk (“work”), West Frisian wurk (“work”), Dutch werk (“work”), German Werk (“work”), German Low German Wark (“work”), Luxembourgish Wierk (“work”), Danish værk (“work”), Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish verk (“work”); also Breton ober (“to do, make”), Cornish gul, gwul (“to do, make”), Irish and Scottish Gaelic fearg (“anger”), Manx ferg (“anger”), Pictish ᚒᚏᚏᚐᚉᚈ (urract, “he made”), Welsh gwneud, neud (“to do, make”), Greek έργο (érgo, “work”), Albanian argëtim (“entertainment; fun, pleasure”), argëtoj (“to amuse, entertain”), Lithuanian váržas (“fish snaring net”), Macedonian врша (vrša, “fish-trap”), Polish wiersza (“fish-trap”), Russian and Ukrainian ве́рша (vérša, “fish-trap”), Serbo-Croatian вр̑ша, vȓša (“fish-trap”), Slovak and Slovene vrša (“fish-trap”), Aghwan 𐔱𐕒𐕙𐔵 (borz, “labour, work”), Armenian գործ (gorc, “work”), Northern Kurdish werz (“bed, field, patch; season”), Avestan 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰 (vər^əz, “to do, work”), Persian ورز (varz, “art, craft, trade”), ورزه (varze, “art, profession, trade”), ورزیدن (varzidan, “to exercise; to train; to work”), Tocharian B warkṣäl (“energy, power, strength”). English cognates include bulwark, boulevard, energy, erg, georgic, liturgy, metallurgy, organ, surgeon, wright. Doublet of erg and ergon.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionworkenm
- Inherited-form mentionweorcang
- Inherited-form mention*werkgmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*werkągem-pro · work
- Inherited-form mention*wérǵomine-pro · work
- Inherited-form mention*werǵ-ine-pro · to make
- Cognate mentionwarksco · work
- Cognate mentionwerkfrr · work
- Cognate mentionWierkstq · work
- Cognate mentionwurkfy · work
- Cognate mentionwerknl · work
- Cognate mentionWerkde · work
- Cognate mentionWierklb · work
- Cognate mentionværkda · work
- Cognate mentionoberbr · to do, make
- Cognate mentiongulkw
- Cognate mentionferggv · anger
- Cognate mentionᚒᚏᚏᚐᚉᚈxpi · he made
- Cognate mentiongwneudcy
- Cognate mentionέργοel · work
- Cognate mentionargëtimsq · entertainment; fun, pleasure
- Cognate mentionváržaslt · fish snaring net
- Cognate mentionвршаmk · fish-trap
- Cognate mentionwierszapl · fish-trap
- Cognate mentionвр̑шаsh
- Cognate mention𐔱𐕒𐕙𐔵xag · labour, work
- Cognate mentionգործhy · work
- Cognate mentionwerzkmr · bed, field, patch; season
- Cognate mention𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰ae · to do, work
- Cognate mentionورزfa · art, craft, trade
- Cognate mentionwarkṣältxb · energy, power, strength
- Doublet mentionergen
- Doublet mentionergonen
This page abbreviates 15 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:werk<id:work>",
"id": "employment",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *werǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *-om\nProto-Indo-European *wérǵom\nProto-Germanic *werką\nProto-West Germanic *werk\nOld English weorc\nMiddle English werk\nEnglish work\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*werką\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*werk\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"weorc\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"werk\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"work\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"employment\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"work\" id=\"English:_employment\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "work"
},
"expansion": "Middle English work"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "weorc"
},
"expansion": "Old English weorc"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*werk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *werk"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*werką",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *werką (“work”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*wérǵom",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom (“work”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*werǵ-",
"t": "to make"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *werǵ- (“to make”)"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "wark",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "Scots wark (“work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "werk",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian werk (“work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Wierk",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian Wierk (“work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "wurk",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian wurk (“work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "werk",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "Dutch werk (“work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Werk",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "German Werk (“work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Wark",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "German Low German Wark (“work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "Wierk",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish Wierk (“work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "værk",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "Danish værk (“work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fo,is,nb,nn,sv",
"2": "verk",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish verk (“work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "ober",
"t": "to do, make"
},
"expansion": "Breton ober (“to do, make”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "gul"
},
"expansion": "Cornish gul"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ga,gd",
"2": "fearg",
"t": "anger"
},
"expansion": "Irish and Scottish Gaelic fearg (“anger”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gv",
"2": "ferg",
"t": "anger"
},
"expansion": "Manx ferg (“anger”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "xpi",
"2": "ᚒᚏᚏᚐᚉᚈ",
"tr": "urract",
"t": "he made"
},
"expansion": "Pictish ᚒᚏᚏᚐᚉᚈ (urract, “he made”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "gwneud"
},
"expansion": "Welsh gwneud"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "έργο",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "Greek έργο (érgo, “work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "argëtim",
"t": "entertainment; fun, pleasure"
},
"expansion": "Albanian argëtim (“entertainment; fun, pleasure”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "váržas",
"t": "fish snaring net"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian váržas (“fish snaring net”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "врша",
"t": "fish-trap"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian врша (vrša, “fish-trap”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "wiersza",
"t": "fish-trap"
},
"expansion": "Polish wiersza (“fish-trap”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ru,uk",
"2": "ве́рша",
"t": "fish-trap"
},
"expansion": "Russian and Ukrainian ве́рша (vérša, “fish-trap”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "вр̑ша"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian вр̑ша"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sk,sl",
"2": "vrša",
"t": "fish-trap"
},
"expansion": "Slovak and Slovene vrša (“fish-trap”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "xag",
"2": "𐔱𐕒𐕙𐔵",
"t": "labour, work"
},
"expansion": "Aghwan 𐔱𐕒𐕙𐔵 (borz, “labour, work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "գործ",
"t": "work"
},
"expansion": "Armenian գործ (gorc, “work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "kmr",
"2": "werz",
"t": "bed, field, patch; season"
},
"expansion": "Northern Kurdish werz (“bed, field, patch; season”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰",
"t": "to do, work"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰 (vər^əz, “to do, work”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "ورز",
"tr": "varz",
"t": "art, craft, trade"
},
"expansion": "Persian ورز (varz, “art, craft, trade”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "warkṣäl",
"t": "energy, power, strength"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B warkṣäl (“energy, power, strength”)"
},
{
"name": "doublet",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "erg",
"3": "ergon"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of erg and ergon"
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:werk<id:work>",
"id": "employment",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *werǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *-om\nProto-Indo-European *wérǵom\nProto-Germanic *werką\nProto-West Germanic *werk\nOld English weorc\nMiddle English werk\nEnglish work"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*werǵ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werǵ-#Proto-Indo-European:_to_make"
],
[
"*-om",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-om#Proto-Indo-European:_nominalizing_suffix"
],
[
"*wérǵom",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wérǵom#Proto-Indo-European:_work"
],
[
"*werką",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/werką#Proto-Germanic:_work"
],
[
"*werk",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/werk#Proto-West_Germanic:_work"
],
[
"weorc",
"weorc#Old_English:_work"
],
[
"werk",
"werk#Middle_English:_work"
],
[
"work",
"work#Middle_English"
],
[
"werk",
"werk#Middle_English"
],
[
"weorc",
"weorc#Old_English"
],
[
"*werk",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/werk"
],
[
"*werką",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/werką"
],
[
"*wérǵom",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wérǵom"
],
[
"*werǵ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/werǵ-"
],
[
"wark",
"wark#Scots"
],
[
"werk",
"werk#North_Frisian"
],
[
"Wierk",
"Wierk#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"wurk",
"wurk#West_Frisian"
],
[
"werk",
"werk#Dutch"
],
[
"Werk",
"Werk#German"
],
[
"Wark",
"Wark#Low_German"
],
[
"Wierk",
"Wierk#Luxembourgish"
],
[
"værk",
"værk#Danish"
],
[
"Faroese",
"verk#Faroese"
],
[
"Icelandic",
"verk#Icelandic"
],
[
"Norwegian Bokmål",
"verk#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"Norwegian Nynorsk",
"verk#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"verk",
"verk#Swedish"
],
[
"ober",
"ober#Breton"
],
[
"gul",
"gul#Cornish"
],
[
"gwul",
"gwul#Cornish"
],
[
"Irish",
"fearg#Irish"
],
[
"fearg",
"fearg#Scottish_Gaelic"
],
[
"ferg",
"ferg#Manx"
],
[
"ᚒᚏᚏᚐᚉᚈ",
"ᚒᚏᚏᚐᚉᚈ#Pictish"
],
[
"gwneud",
"gwneud#Welsh"
],
[
"neud",
"neud#Welsh"
],
[
"έργο",
"έργο#Greek"
],
[
"argëtim",
"argëtim#Albanian"
],
[
"argëtoj",
"argëtoj#Albanian"
],
[
"váržas",
"varžas#Lithuanian"
],
[
"врша",
"врша#Macedonian"
],
[
"wiersza",
"wiersza#Polish"
],
[
"Russian",
"верша#Russian"
],
[
"ве́рша",
"верша#Ukrainian"
],
[
"вр̑ша",
"врша#Serbo-Croatian"
],
[
"vȓša",
"vrša#Serbo-Croatian"
],
[
"Slovak",
"vrša#Slovak"
],
[
"vrša",
"vrša#Slovene"
],
[
"𐔱𐕒𐕙𐔵",
"𐔱𐕒𐕙𐔵#Aghwan"
],
[
"գործ",
"գործ#Armenian"
],
[
"werz",
"werz#Northern_Kurdish"
],
[
"𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰",
"𐬬𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬰#Avestan"
],
[
"ورز",
"ورز#Persian"
],
[
"ورزه",
"ورزه#Persian"
],
[
"ورزیدن",
"ورزیدن#Persian"
],
[
"warkṣäl",
"warkṣäl#Tocharian_B"
],
[
"bulwark",
"bulwark#English"
],
[
"boulevard",
"boulevard#English"
],
[
"energy",
"energy#English"
],
[
"erg",
"erg#English"
],
[
"georgic",
"georgic#English"
],
[
"liturgy",
"liturgy#English"
],
[
"metallurgy",
"metallurgy#English"
],
[
"organ",
"organ#English"
],
[
"surgeon",
"surgeon#English"
],
[
"wright",
"wright#English"
],
[
"erg",
"erg#English"
],
[
"ergon",
"ergon#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Pijin",
"lang_code": "pis",
"word": "waka"
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"Labour, occupation, job.",
"The place where one is employed.",
"One's employer.",
"A factory; a works."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable",
"broadly",
"dated"
],
"recordId": "9e96cc8e5014cf6a5f28a24b2f46e909b2681d87583be231dd5266d079c7eb9e",
"rawRecordSha256": "73988a1e1c8eafaf2f6b283644b6240c6b18afddc1ab0a332bd00ebdd47a3721",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 7994
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 15,
"glosses": 0
}
}