Source etymology 1 · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗A sudden forward motion. · A surge. · General haste. · A rapid, noisy flow.
Perhaps from Middle English ruschen, russchen (“to rush, startle, make a loud rushing noise”), from Old English hrysċan (“to jolt, startle”), from Proto-West Germanic *hurskijan, from Proto-Germanic *hurskijaną (“to startle, drive”), from *hurskaz (“fast, rapid, quick”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run, hurry”). Cognate with Old High German hursken (“to hurry, speed, incite, accelerate”), Old English horsċ (“quick, quick-witted, clever”), Old Frisian rosk, rosch (“quick, rapid, sudden”). etymology note An alternative etymology traces rush via Middle English ruschen (“to rush”) from Old English *rūscian (“to rush”) from Proto-Germanic *rūskōną (“to rush, storm, be fierce, be cruel”), a variant (with formative k) of Proto-Germanic *rūsōną (“to be cruel, storm, rush”) from Proto-Indo-European *(o)rewə- (“to drive, move, agitate”), making it akin to Old High German rosc, rosci (“quick”), Middle Low German rûschen (“to rush”), Middle High German rūschen, riuschen (“to rush”) (German rauschen (“to rush”)), North Frisian ruse (“to rush”), Middle Dutch ruuscen (“to make haste”), Middle Dutch rūsen (“to rush”) (Dutch ruisen (“to rush”)), Danish ruse (“to rush”), Swedish rusa (“to rush”). Compare Middle High German rūsch (“a charge, rush”). Influenced by Middle English russhen (“to force back”) from Anglo-Norman russher, russer from Old French ruser, rëuser. Alternatively, according to the OED, perhaps an adaptation of Anglo-Norman russher, russer (“to force back, down, out of place, by violent impact", "to pull out or drag off violently or hastily”), from Old French re(h)usser, ruser (although the connection of the forms with single -s- and double -ss- is dubious; also adopted in English ruse; French ruser (“to retreat, drive back”)), from an assumed Vulgar Latin *refūsāre and Latin refundō (“I cause to flow back”), although connection to the same Germanic root is also possible. More at rouse.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*ḱers-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentionruschenenm
- Inherited-form mentionhrysċanang · to jolt, startle
- Inherited-form mention*hurskijangmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*hurskijanągem-pro · to startle, drive
- Derivation mention*ḱers-ine-pro · to run, hurry
- Cognate mentionhurskengoh · to hurry, speed, incite, accelerate
- Cognate mentionhorsċang · quick, quick-witted, clever
- Cognate mentionroskofs
- Derivation mentionruschenenm · to rush
- Cognate mention*rūscianang · to rush
- Derivation mention*rūskōnągem-pro · to rush, storm, be fierce, be cruel
- Derivation mention*rūsōnągem-pro · to be cruel, storm, rush
- Derivation mention*(o)rewə-ine-pro · to drive, move, agitate
- Cognate mentionroscigoh
- Cognate mentionrûschengml · to rush
- Cognate mentionruschengmh · to rush
- Cognate mentionrauschende · to rush
- Cognate mentionrusefrr · to rush
- Cognate mentionruuscendum · to make haste
- Cognate mentionrusendum · to rush
- Cognate mentionruisennl · to rush
- Cognate mentionruseda · to rush
- Cognate mentionrusasv · to rush
- Cognate mentionrūschgmh · a charge, rush
- Derivation mentionrusshenenm · to force back
- Cognate mentionruserfro
- Derivation mentionrehusserfro
This page abbreviates 9 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱers-"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "etymid",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "hurry"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "ruschen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English ruschen"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "hrysċan",
"t": "to jolt, startle"
},
"expansion": "Old English hrysċan (“to jolt, startle”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*hurskijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *hurskijan"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*hurskijaną",
"t": "to startle, drive"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hurskijaną (“to startle, drive”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱers-",
"t": "to run, hurry"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run, hurry”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "hursken",
"t": "to hurry, speed, incite, accelerate"
},
"expansion": "Old High German hursken (“to hurry, speed, incite, accelerate”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "horsċ",
"t": "quick, quick-witted, clever"
},
"expansion": "Old English horsċ (“quick, quick-witted, clever”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "rosk"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian rosk"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "etymology note"
},
"expansion": "etymology note"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "ruschen",
"t": "to rush"
},
"expansion": "Middle English ruschen (“to rush”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "*rūscian",
"t": "to rush"
},
"expansion": "Old English *rūscian (“to rush”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*rūskōną",
"t": "to rush, storm, be fierce, be cruel"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūskōną (“to rush, storm, be fierce, be cruel”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*rūsōną",
"t": "to be cruel, storm, rush"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūsōną (“to be cruel, storm, rush”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(o)rewə-",
"t": "to drive, move, agitate"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(o)rewə- (“to drive, move, agitate”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "rosci",
"3": "rosc, rosci",
"4": "quick"
},
"expansion": "Old High German rosc, rosci (“quick”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "rûschen",
"t": "to rush"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German rûschen (“to rush”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "ruschen",
"3": "rūschen, riuschen",
"t": "to rush"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German rūschen, riuschen (“to rush”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "rauschen",
"t": "to rush"
},
"expansion": "German rauschen (“to rush”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "ruse",
"t": "to rush"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian ruse (“to rush”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "ruuscen",
"t": "to make haste"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch ruuscen (“to make haste”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "rusen",
"3": "rūsen",
"t": "to rush"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch rūsen (“to rush”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ruisen",
"t": "to rush"
},
"expansion": "Dutch ruisen (“to rush”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "ruse",
"t": "to rush"
},
"expansion": "Danish ruse (“to rush”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "rusa",
"t": "to rush"
},
"expansion": "Swedish rusa (“to rush”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "rūsch",
"t": "a charge, rush"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German rūsch (“a charge, rush”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "russhen",
"t": "to force back"
},
"expansion": "Middle English russhen (“to force back”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "russer",
"3": "russher, russer"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman russher, russer"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "ruser",
"3": "ruser, rëuser"
},
"expansion": "Old French ruser, rëuser"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "xno",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "rehusser",
"4": "re(h)usser"
},
"expansion": "Old French re(h)usser"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la-vul",
"2": "*refūsāre"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *refūsāre"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem"
},
"expansion": "Germanic"
}
],
"links": [
[
"ruschen",
"ruschen#Middle_English"
],
[
"russchen",
"russchen#Middle_English"
],
[
"hrysċan",
"hryscan#Old_English"
],
[
"*hurskijan",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hurskijan"
],
[
"*hurskijaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hurskijaną"
],
[
"*hurskaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hurskaz"
],
[
"*ḱers-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱers-"
],
[
"hursken",
"hursken#Old_High_German"
],
[
"horsċ",
"horsc#Old_English"
],
[
"rosk",
"rosk#Old_Frisian"
],
[
"rosch",
"rosch#Old_Frisian"
],
[
"ruschen",
"ruschen#Middle_English"
],
[
"*rūscian",
"Reconstruction:Old English/ruscian"
],
[
"*rūskōną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rūskōną"
],
[
"*rūsōną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rūsōną"
],
[
"*(o)rewə-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(o)rewə-"
],
[
"rosc, rosci",
"rosci#Old_High_German"
],
[
"rûschen",
"ruschen#Middle_Low_German"
],
[
"rūschen, riuschen",
"ruschen#Middle_High_German"
],
[
"rauschen",
"rauschen#German"
],
[
"ruse",
"ruse#North_Frisian"
],
[
"ruuscen",
"ruuscen#Middle_Dutch"
],
[
"rūsen",
"rusen#Middle_Dutch"
],
[
"ruisen",
"ruisen#Dutch"
],
[
"ruse",
"ruse#Danish"
],
[
"rusa",
"rusa#Swedish"
],
[
"rūsch",
"rusch#Middle_High_German"
],
[
"russhen",
"russhen#Middle_English"
],
[
"russher, russer",
"russer#Old_French"
],
[
"ruser, rëuser",
"ruser#Old_French"
],
[
"russher",
"russher#Old_French"
],
[
"russer",
"russer#Old_French"
],
[
"re(h)usser",
"rehusser#Old_French"
],
[
"ruser",
"ruser#Old_French"
],
[
"ruse",
"ruse#English"
],
[
"ruser",
"ruser#French"
],
[
"*refūsāre",
"Reconstruction:Latin/refusare"
],
[
"refundō",
"refundō#Old_French"
],
[
"rouse",
"rouse#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Irish",
"lang_code": "ga",
"word": "rois",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"A sudden forward motion.",
"A surge.",
"General haste.",
"A rapid, noisy flow."
],
"tags": [],
"recordId": "948afbdf7824bd622b3351aa2954187576eb09b26f4b7782a1eb230b0b2a30be",
"rawRecordSha256": "8849a35aaa454210165972226b15acec3a578a98ea5af512301a923d4a1afe66",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 256735
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 9,
"glosses": 0
}
}