Unnumbered source etymology
Original entry ↗verb
To incur risk of (an unwanted or negative outcome). · To incur risk of harming or jeopardizing. · To incur risk as a result of (doing something).
noun
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryThe probability of a negative outcome to a decision or event. · The magnitude of possible loss consequent to a decision or event. · The potential negative effect of an event, determined by multiplying the likelihood of the event occurring with its magnitude should it occur. · A possible adverse event or outcome.
Etymology tree Proto-Italic *wre- Latin re- Proto-Indo-European *sek- Proto-Indo-European *-yeti Proto-Indo-European *sékh₁yeti Proto-Italic *sekaō Latin seco Latin resecōdeverb. Vulgar Latin *resecum Old Italian riscobor. ▲ Old Italian risco Italian rischio Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu. Proto-Italic *-ājō Proto-Italic *-āō Latin -ō Italian -are Italian rischiarebor. Middle French risquebor. English risque English risk From earlier risque, from Middle French risque, from Old Italian risco (“risk”) (modern Italian rischio) and rischiare (“to run into danger”). Displaced native Old English pleoh (“risk”) and plēon (“to risk”). Speculation on earlier roots Most dictionaries consider the etymology of these Italian terms uncertain, but some suggest they perhaps come from Vulgar Latin *resecum (“that which cuts, rock, crag”) (> Medieval Latin resicu), from Latin resecō (“cut off, loose, curtail”, verb), in the sense of that which is a danger to boating or shipping; or from Ancient Greek ῥιζικόν (rhizikón, “root, radical, hazard”). A few dictionaries express more certainty. Collins says the Italian risco comes from Ancient Greek ῥίζα (rhíza, “cliff”) due to the hazards of sailing along rocky coasts. The American Heritage says it probably comes from Medieval Greek ῥιζικό, ριζικό (rhizikó, rizikó, “sustenance obtained by a soldier through his own initiative, fortune”), from Arabic رِزْق (rizq, “sustenance, that which God allots”), from Classical Syriac ܪܘܙܝܩܐ ,ܪܙܩܐ (rezqā, rōzīqā, “daily ration”), from Middle Persian [script needed] (rōzīg) (whence Classical Persian روزِی (rōzī)), from Middle Persian [script needed] (rōz, “day”) (whence Classical Persian روز (rōz)), from Old Persian 𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃 (raučah) (cognate with Sanskrit रोचस् (rocas, “light, lustre”)), from Proto-Iranian *ráwčah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ráwčas, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *léwk-os, from *lewk- (“bright; to shine”) + *-os (noun suffix). Karla Mallette derives the word from Arabic رِزْق (rizq, “sustenance, that which God allots”) via Sabir. Cognate with Spanish riesgo, Portuguese risco
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Borrowed-form mentionrisquefrm
- Cognate mentionrischioit
- Cognate mentionpleohang
- Derivation mentionresecōla
- Derivation mentionῥιζικόνgrc
- Derivation mentionriscoit
- Derivation mentionῥίζαgrc
- Derivation mentionرِزْقar · sustenance, that which God allots
- Derivation mentionܪܙܩܐsyc · daily ration
- Derivation mention𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃peo
- Cognate mentionरोचस्sa · light, lustre
- Derivation mention*ráwčahira-pro
- Derivation mention*ráwčasiir-pro
- Derivation mention*léwkosine-pro
- Cognate mentionriesgoes
- Cognate mentionriscopt
This page abbreviates 5 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":from",
"3": "risque<id:risk>",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Italic *wre-\nLatin re-\nProto-Indo-European *sek-\nProto-Indo-European *-yeti\nProto-Indo-European *sékh₁yeti\nProto-Italic *sekaō\nLatin seco\nLatin resecōdeverb.\nVulgar Latin *resecum\nOld Italian riscobor.\n▲\nOld Italian risco\nItalian rischio\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.\nProto-Italic *-ājō\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nItalian -are\nItalian rischiarebor.\nMiddle French risquebor.\nEnglish risque\nEnglish risk\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"deverb.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Deverbal from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"again\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*wre-\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"re-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*sékh₁yeti\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"cut\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*sek-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yeti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*sekaō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"seco\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"resecō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"deverbal\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Vulgar Latin\", \"term\" : \"*resecum\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-vul\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Italian\", \"term\" : \"risco\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"roa-oit\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"roa-oit\", \"2\" : \":inherited\", \"3\" : \"la-vul:*resecum\", \"status\" : \"inline\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Old Italian\", \"term\" : \"risco\", \"lang\" : \"roa-oit\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"rischio\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" }, { \"id\" : \"verb\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-ājō\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"suffix originally used to form collective nouns, extended in Late PIE to also be a marker of feminine gender\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂ti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-āō\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ō\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"-are\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"rischiare\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle French\", \"term\" : \"risque\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"frm\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"risque\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"risk\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"risk\">"
},
{
"name": "bor",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "risque"
},
"expansion": "Middle French risque"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "roa-oit",
"3": "risco",
"t": "risk"
},
"expansion": "Old Italian risco (“risk”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "rischio"
},
"expansion": "Italian rischio"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "pleoh",
"3": "",
"4": "risk"
},
"expansion": "Old English pleoh (“risk”)"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "Speculation on earlier roots"
},
"expansion": "Speculation on earlier roots"
},
{
"name": "unc",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la-vul",
"3": "*resecum",
"4": "",
"5": "that which cuts, rock, crag"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *resecum (“that which cuts, rock, crag”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la-med",
"2": "resicu"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin resicu"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "resecō",
"4": "",
"5": "cut off, loose, curtail",
"pos": "verb"
},
"expansion": "Latin resecō (“cut off, loose, curtail”, verb)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ῥιζικόν",
"4": "",
"5": "root, radical, hazard"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ῥιζικόν (rhizikón, “root, radical, hazard”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "risco"
},
"expansion": "Italian risco"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ῥίζα",
"4": "",
"5": "cliff"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ῥίζα (rhíza, “cliff”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gkm",
"3": "ῥιζικό",
"4": "ῥιζικό, ριζικό",
"t": "sustenance obtained by a soldier through his own initiative, fortune"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Greek ῥιζικό, ριζικό (rhizikó, rizikó, “sustenance obtained by a soldier through his own initiative, fortune”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ar",
"3": "رِزْق",
"t": "sustenance, that which God allots"
},
"expansion": "Arabic رِزْق (rizq, “sustenance, that which God allots”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "syc",
"3": "ܪܙܩܐ",
"4": "ܪܘܙܝܩܐ ,ܪܙܩܐ",
"tr": "rezqā, rōzīqā",
"t": "daily ration"
},
"expansion": "Classical Syriac ܪܘܙܝܩܐ ,ܪܙܩܐ (rezqā, rōzīqā, “daily ration”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pal",
"tr": "rōzīg"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian [script needed] (rōzīg)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fa-cls",
"2": "روزِی"
},
"expansion": "Classical Persian روزِی (rōzī)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pal",
"tr": "rōz",
"t": "day"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian [script needed] (rōz, “day”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fa-cls",
"2": "روز"
},
"expansion": "Classical Persian روز (rōz)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "peo",
"3": "𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃",
"tr": "raučah"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian 𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃 (raučah)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "रोचस्",
"t": "light, lustre"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit रोचस् (rocas, “light, lustre”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ira-pro",
"3": "*ráwčah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian *ráwčah"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "iir-pro",
"3": "*ráwčas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *ráwčas"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*léwkos",
"4": "*léwk-os"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *léwk-os"
},
{
"name": "suf",
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*lewk-",
"3": "*-os",
"t1": "bright; to shine",
"pos2": "noun suffix",
"nocat": "1"
},
"expansion": "*lewk- (“bright; to shine”) + *-os (noun suffix)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ar",
"3": "رِزْق",
"t": "sustenance, that which God allots"
},
"expansion": "Arabic رِزْق (rizq, “sustenance, that which God allots”)"
},
{
"name": "bor",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pml",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Sabir"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "riesgo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish riesgo"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "risco"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese risco"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":from",
"3": "risque<id:risk>",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Italic *wre-\nLatin re-\nProto-Indo-European *sek-\nProto-Indo-European *-yeti\nProto-Indo-European *sékh₁yeti\nProto-Italic *sekaō\nLatin seco\nLatin resecōdeverb.\nVulgar Latin *resecum\nOld Italian riscobor.\n▲\nOld Italian risco\nItalian rischio\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.\nProto-Italic *-ājō\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nItalian -are\nItalian rischiarebor.\nMiddle French risquebor.\nEnglish risque\nEnglish risk"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*wre-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/wre-#Proto-Italic:_again"
],
[
"re-",
"re-#Latin"
],
[
"*sek-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sek-#Proto-Indo-European:_cut"
],
[
"*-yeti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yeti"
],
[
"*sekaō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/sekaō"
],
[
"seco",
"seco#Latin"
],
[
"resecō",
"reseco#Latin"
],
[
"*resecum",
"Reconstruction:Latin/resecum"
],
[
"risco",
"risco#Italian"
],
[
"risco",
"risco#Italian"
],
[
"rischio",
"rischio#Italian"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-éh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-yéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_intransitive_verbs"
],
[
"*-eh₂yéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_suf"
],
[
"*-h₂ti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂ti"
],
[
"*-āō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-āō#Proto-Italic:_suf"
],
[
"-ō",
"-o#Latin:_denominative"
],
[
"-are",
"-are#Italian:_verb"
],
[
"rischiare",
"rischiare#Italian"
],
[
"risque",
"risque#Middle_French"
],
[
"risque",
"risque#English:_risk"
],
[
"risque",
"risque#English"
],
[
"risque",
"risque#Middle_French"
],
[
"risco",
"risco#Italian"
],
[
"rischio",
"rischio#Italian"
],
[
"rischiare",
"rischiare#Italian"
],
[
"pleoh",
"pleoh#Old_English"
],
[
"plēon",
"pleon#Old_English"
],
[
"*resecum",
"Reconstruction:Latin/resecum"
],
[
"resicu",
"resicu#Latin"
],
[
"resecō",
"reseco#Latin"
],
[
"ῥιζικόν",
"ῥιζικόν#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"risco",
"risco#Italian"
],
[
"ῥίζα",
"ῥίζα#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"ῥιζικό, ριζικό",
"ῥιζικό#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"رِزْق",
"رزق#Arabic"
],
[
"ܪܘܙܝܩܐ ,ܪܙܩܐ",
"ܪܙܩܐ#Classical_Syriac"
],
[
"روزِی",
"روزی#Persian"
],
[
"روز",
"روز#Persian"
],
[
"𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃",
"𐎼𐎢𐎨𐏃#Old_Persian"
],
[
"रोचस्",
"रोचस्#Sanskrit"
],
[
"light",
"light"
],
[
"lustre",
"lustre"
],
[
"*ráwčah",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/ráwčah"
],
[
"*ráwčas",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/ráwčas"
],
[
"*léwk-os",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/léwkos"
],
[
"*lewk-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/lewk-"
],
[
"*-os",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-os"
],
[
"رِزْق",
"رزق#Arabic"
],
[
"riesgo",
"riesgo#Spanish"
],
[
"risco",
"risco#Portuguese"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"To incur risk of (an unwanted or negative outcome).",
"To incur risk of harming or jeopardizing.",
"To incur risk as a result of (doing something)."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
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},
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"The probability of a negative outcome to a decision or event.",
"The magnitude of possible loss consequent to a decision or event.",
"The potential negative effect of an event, determined by multiplying the likelihood of the event occurring with its magnitude should it occur.",
"A possible adverse event or outcome."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"countable"
],
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}